Vocabulary by Topic

with just 1-2 of these advanced words, you can boost your mark to 7 or 8 for vocabulary.

Education

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Study
   • Example: I need to study harder if I want to pass the exam.
2. Class
   • Example: Our class starts at 9 a.m. every day.
3. Teacher
   • Example: The teacher gave us some useful advice about the exam.
4. Student
   • Example: Every student in the class has to submit their assignment by Friday.
5. Subject
   • Example: Math is my favorite subject at school.

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Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Curriculum
   • Example: The school’s curriculum includes both academic subjects and physical education.
2. Evaluate
   • Example: Teachers must evaluate students’ progress regularly through tests.
3. Lecture
   • Example: I attended a fascinating lecture on climate change yesterday.
4. Qualification
   • Example: She has a degree in economics, which is a valuable qualification.
5. Participate
   • Example: All students are encouraged to participate in extracurricular activities.

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Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Academic
   • Example: He excels in his academic work, consistently scoring high marks in exams.
2. Scholarship
   • Example: She was awarded a scholarship for her excellent academic performance.
3. Syllabus
   • Example: The syllabus for this course includes topics like psychology and sociology.
4. Assess
   • Example: The teacher will assess our group project based on creativity and content.
5. Degree
   • Example: After finishing his degree in law, he started working at a prestigious firm.

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Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Pedagogy
   • Example: Pedagogy refers to the methods and practices used in teaching.
2. Cohort
   • Example: The cohort of students in this program will graduate next year.
3. Accreditation
   • Example: The university’s accreditation ensures that its programs meet high academic standards.
4. Dissertation
   • Example: She is currently writing her dissertation on renewable energy sources.
5. Interactive
   • Example: The interactive teaching methods employed in this course keep students engaged and active.

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Health

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Health
   • Example: It’s important to maintain good health through exercise and a balanced diet.
2. Exercise
   • Example: Regular exercise helps improve both physical and mental health.
3. Diet
   • Example: A healthy diet can prevent many chronic diseases.
4. Doctor
   • Example: I need to see the doctor for a check-up.
5. Medicine
   • Example: The doctor prescribed some medicine to help me recover from the flu.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Obesity
   • Example: Obesity is a growing problem in many countries due to poor diet and lack of exercise.
2. Vaccination
   • Example: Vaccination programs are important in preventing the spread of diseases.
3. Mental health
   • Example: Raising awareness about mental health is crucial for supporting those affected by depression.
4. Preventative care
   • Example: Preventative care, such as regular check-ups, can detect health issues before they become serious.
5. Healthcare system
   • Example: Many countries have different types of healthcare systems, including public and private options.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Well-being
   • Example: Mental and physical well-being are essential for a healthy life.
2. Nutrition
   • Example: Good nutrition plays a key role in maintaining health and preventing diseases.
3. Addiction
   • Example: Drug addiction is a serious issue that requires professional treatment and support.
4. Chronic illness
   • Example: Managing chronic illnesses like diabetes requires regular medication and lifestyle changes.
5. Public health
   • Example: Governments should invest in public health programs to promote healthier lifestyles.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Epidemic
   • Example: The flu epidemic caused widespread panic and prompted emergency health responses.
2. Pharmaceutical
   • Example: The pharmaceutical industry plays a major role in the development of new treatments for diseases.
3. Prevention
   • Example: Prevention strategies, such as public education campaigns, can significantly reduce health risks.
4. Wellness
   • Example: The wellness industry is booming, with people focusing on holistic health practices.
5. Therapeutic
   • Example: Therapeutic interventions can help individuals recover from both physical and emotional trauma.

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3. Environment

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Environment
   • Example: Protecting the environment is important for the health of future generations.
2. Pollution
   • Example: Air pollution can lead to serious health problems like asthma and heart disease.
3. Waste
   • Example: Reducing waste is essential for protecting our planet’s natural resources.
4. Recycle
   • Example: I always recycle plastic bottles to help reduce waste.
5. Climate
   • Example: Climate change is causing extreme weather conditions around the world.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Sustainability
   • Example: Sustainability is essential for ensuring that future generations can meet their needs.
2. Global warming
   • Example: Global warming is causing sea levels to rise and threatening coastal communities.
3. Deforestation
   • Example: Deforestation leads to loss of biodiversity and contributes to climate change.
4. Ecosystem
   • Example: The destruction of the ecosystem can result in the extinction of many species.
5. Renewable energy
   • Example: Solar and wind power are examples of renewable energy sources that can replace fossil fuels.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Carbon footprint
   • Example: Reducing our carbon footprint is essential to mitigate the effects of climate change.
2. Conservation
   • Example: Wildlife conservation efforts are crucial for protecting endangered species.
3. Biodiversity
   • Example: Biodiversity is vital for maintaining the balance of ecosystems and supporting life on Earth.
4. Greenhouse gases
   • Example: Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, contribute to the warming of the planet.
5. Sustainable development
   • Example: Sustainable development focuses on meeting current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Ecological footprint
   • Example: The ecological footprint measures the impact of human activity on the planet’s resources.
2. Environmental degradation
   • Example: Environmental degradation is causing irreversible damage to ecosystems and natural resources.
3. Carbon emissions
   • Example: Reducing carbon emissions is critical to combating global warming and climate change.
4. Conservationist
   • Example: As a conservationist, she works tirelessly to protect endangered species and ecosystems.
5. Climate mitigation
   • Example: Climate mitigation involves strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and minimize the effects of climate change.

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Technology

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Technology
   • Example: Technology has changed the way we communicate and work.
2. Device
   • Example: Many people rely on their smartphones and other devices for daily tasks.
3. Computer
   • Example: I use my computer to complete assignments and research information.
4. Internet
   • Example: The internet provides access to vast amounts of information and entertainment.
5. App
   • Example: I downloaded a fitness app to track my daily exercise routine.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Innovation
   • Example: Technological innovation is driving improvements in industries like healthcare and transportation.
2. Automation
   • Example: Automation is increasingly replacing human labor in manufacturing industries.
3. Artificial Intelligence
   • Example: Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing industries by enabling machines to perform complex tasks.
4. Connectivity
   • Example: Increased connectivity allows people to work remotely and stay in touch more easily.
5. Digitalization
   • Example: Digitalization has transformed how businesses operate and how people consume media.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Smart technology
   • Example: Smart technology, such as home assistants and connected devices, makes life more convenient.
2. Cybersecurity
   • Example: As technology advances, cybersecurity becomes even more important to protect personal information.
3. Virtual reality
   • Example: Virtual reality is being used in education to create immersive learning experiences.
4. Tech-savvy
   • Example: Being tech-savvy is a crucial skill in today’s digital job market.
5. Cloud computing
   • Example: Cloud computing allows companies to store data securely online and access it from anywhere.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Blockchain
   • Example: Blockchain technology is transforming industries by enabling secure, transparent transactions.
2. Augmented reality
   • Example: Augmented reality is being used in gaming and retail to create interactive experiences.
3. Data privacy
   • Example: Data privacy is a growing concern as more personal information is shared online.
4. Technological singularity
   • Example: Some experts predict that the technological singularity will lead to machines surpassing human intelligence.
5. Disruptive innovation
   • Example: Disruptive innovation is when a new technology completely changes the market and displaces older systems.

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5. Society & Culture

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Culture
   • Example: Cultural traditions are important in shaping a community’s identity.
2. Tradition
   • Example: Every country has its own unique traditions that are passed down through generations.
3. Family
   • Example: My family is very supportive and always encourages me to pursue my goals.
4. Community
   • Example: The local community came together to clean up the park.
5. Custom
   • Example: In some cultures, it is a custom to greet people with a handshake.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Globalization
   • Example: Globalization has led to greater cultural exchange and interconnected economies.
2. Social norms
   • Example: Social norms dictate appropriate behavior in different cultures and societies.
3. Multiculturalism
   • Example: Multiculturalism encourages the coexistence of different cultural groups within a society.
4. Identity
   • Example: A person’s identity is shaped by their culture, experiences, and relationships.
5. Ethics
   • Example: Ethics plays an important role in guiding moral behavior in society.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Cultural diversity
   • Example: Cultural diversity enriches a society by introducing new ideas and perspectives.
2. Cultural assimilation
   • Example: Cultural assimilation occurs when a minority group adopts the customs and practices of the dominant culture.
3. Gender equality
   • Example: Gender equality is an important issue in many societies, aiming to provide equal opportunities for both men and women.
4. Social mobility
   • Example: Social mobility refers to the ability of individuals to move up or down the social hierarchy based on their achievements or circumstances.
5. Cultural preservation
   • Example: Efforts to preserve cultural heritage are essential for maintaining a connection to the past.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Social stratification
   • Example: Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals within a society based on factors like wealth, education, and occupation.
2. Cultural imperialism
   • Example: Cultural imperialism is the imposition of one culture’s values and practices on another culture.
3. Ethnocentrism
   • Example: Ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s own culture is superior to others, often leading to prejudice and discrimination.
4. Social cohesion
   • Example: Social cohesion is the strength of relationships and the sense of solidarity among members of a society.
5. Cultural appropriation
   • Example: Cultural appropriation involves adopting elements of another culture, often without understanding or respecting its significance.

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6. Crime & Law

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Crime
   • Example: Crime rates have been increasing in some urban areas due to poverty and lack of opportunity.
2. Police
   • Example: The police are responsible for maintaining law and order in society.
3. Jail
   • Example: The suspect was sent to jail after being found guilty of theft.
4. Law
   • Example: Laws are important to maintain order and justice in society.
5. Punishment
   • Example: The punishment for breaking the law should fit the severity of the crime.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Criminal justice
   • Example: Criminal justice systems aim to ensure fair trials and appropriate sentencing for offenders.
2. Rehabilitation
   • Example: Rehabilitation programs are designed to help offenders reintegrate into society after serving their sentences.
3. Deterrence
   • Example: Harsh punishments serve as a deterrent to potential criminals.
4. Victimization
   • Example: Victimization of certain groups, such as minorities, is a serious social issue.
5. Legislation
   • Example: New legislation was passed to reduce the incidence of cybercrime.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Recidivism
   • Example: Recidivism refers to the tendency of previously convicted criminals to reoffend after their release.
2. Sentencing
   • Example: Sentencing guidelines help judges determine the appropriate punishment for a crime based on its severity.
3. Human rights
   • Example: Human rights violations are a serious concern in countries with authoritarian governments.
4. Crime prevention
   • Example: Effective crime prevention strategies include community policing and social programs for at-risk youth.
5. Forensic science
   • Example: Forensic science plays a critical role in solving crimes by analyzing evidence such as DNA and fingerprints.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Recidivist
   • Example: A recidivist is a person who repeatedly commits crimes and returns to prison.
2. Exoneration
   • Example: Exoneration is the legal process of clearing someone’s name after they have been wrongly convicted of a crime.
3. Restorative justice
   • Example: Restorative justice focuses on rehabilitating offenders through reconciliation with victims and the community.
4. Criminal liability
   • Example: Criminal liability is the legal responsibility of an individual for committing a crime.
5. International law
   • Example: International law governs relations between countries and addresses issues like war crimes and human trafficking.

7. Work & Employment

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Job
   • Example: He found a new job as a marketing assistant at a local company.
2. Workplace
   • Example: A good workplace environment is important for employee productivity.
3. Salary
   • Example: His salary is enough to cover his living expenses and save a little each month.
4. Employee
   • Example: The employee was given a bonus for his excellent performance.
5. Boss
   • Example: My boss is very supportive and gives us helpful feedback.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Occupation
   • Example: Teaching is a rewarding occupation that requires dedication and patience.
2. Promotion
   • Example: She received a promotion after successfully completing several important projects.
3. Job satisfaction
   • Example: Job satisfaction is important for keeping employees motivated and productive.
4. Freelance
   • Example: Many people prefer to work freelance because it offers more flexibility and independence.
5. Unemployment
   • Example: The unemployment rate in the country has risen due to economic downturns.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Work-life balance
   • Example: Maintaining a healthy work-life balance is essential for long-term well-being and happiness.
2. Professional development
   • Example: Ongoing professional development helps employees stay competitive in their field.
3. Remuneration
   • Example: The remuneration for this job includes a competitive salary and health benefits.
4. Career advancement
   • Example: Career advancement is often dependent on networking and continuous learning.
5. Job market
   • Example: The job market has become more competitive due to the growing number of qualified candidates.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Corporate culture
   • Example: Corporate culture plays a significant role in shaping the work environment and employee behavior.
2. Entrepreneurship
   • Example: Entrepreneurship involves taking risks and creating businesses from innovative ideas.
3. Telecommuting
   • Example: Telecommuting has become more common as technology allows people to work remotely from home.
4. Workforce diversity
   • Example: Workforce diversity promotes inclusion and can lead to more creative problem-solving within organizations.
5. Labor rights
   • Example: Labor rights are crucial for ensuring fair treatment and working conditions for employees worldwide.

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8. Economy

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Money
   • Example: People need money to buy food, pay bills, and cover other essential expenses.
2. Savings
   • Example: It’s important to have some savings in case of unexpected expenses.
3. Tax
   • Example: Taxes are collected by the government to fund public services.
4. Cost
   • Example: The cost of living has increased due to rising inflation.
5. Income
   • Example: His income allows him to live comfortably without financial stress.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Budget
   • Example: Creating a budget helps individuals and businesses manage their finances effectively.
2. Debt
   • Example: High levels of personal debt can lead to financial instability and stress.
3. Investment
   • Example: Investing in the stock market can provide long-term financial growth.
4. Recession
   • Example: During a recession, unemployment rates rise, and economic activity slows down.
5. Economic growth
   • Example: Economic growth is essential for creating jobs and improving living standards.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Inflation
   • Example: Inflation reduces the purchasing power of money, making goods and services more expensive.
2. Globalization
   • Example: Globalization has led to increased international trade and economic interdependence.
3. Wealth inequality
   • Example: Wealth inequality is a growing issue in many countries, leading to social unrest.
4. Fiscal policy
   • Example: The government uses fiscal policy to manage the economy by adjusting spending and taxation.
5. Stock market
   • Example: The stock market fluctuates daily, and investors must carefully monitor trends to make profitable decisions.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Monetary policy
   • Example: Monetary policy, controlled by central banks, influences interest rates and inflation levels.
2. Subsidy
   • Example: Governments provide subsidies to certain industries to promote growth and stabilize prices.
3. Foreign direct investment (FDI)
   • Example: Foreign direct investment (FDI) is crucial for developing economies, bringing in capital and expertise.
4. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
   • Example: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is often used as a measure of a country’s economic health and output.
5. Supply and demand
   • Example: The law of supply and demand determines the price and quantity of goods in the market.

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9. Media & Advertising

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Advertise
   • Example: Companies advertise their products on TV, radio, and social media platforms.
2. Commercial
   • Example: The commercial featured a new car model and its latest features.
3. Magazine
   • Example: She reads a magazine every week to stay updated on fashion trends.
4. Newspaper
   • Example: The newspaper provides the latest news on current events and politics.
5. Radio
   • Example: He listens to the radio every morning while driving to work.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Promotion
   • Example: The promotion of new products through social media has become more popular among brands.
2. Target audience
   • Example: The target audience for the advertisement is young adults who enjoy outdoor activities.
3. Brand
   • Example: The brand has established a strong reputation for high-quality electronics.
4. Campaign
   • Example: The marketing campaign aimed to increase brand awareness and drive sales.
5. Sponsorship
   • Example: Sponsorship from large corporations helps fund events like sports tournaments.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Public relations
   • Example: Public relations professionals help companies maintain a positive image and communicate with the public.
2. Endorsement
   • Example: Celebrity endorsements are often used to promote products and influence consumer behavior.
3. Target market
   • Example: Identifying the target market is crucial for effective advertising strategies.
4. Consumer behavior
   • Example: Understanding consumer behavior helps marketers develop products that meet customer needs.
5. Advertising revenue
   • Example: Advertising revenue is a primary source of income for many media outlets.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Media conglomerate
   • Example: A media conglomerate is a large company that owns multiple media outlets across different platforms.
2. Product placement
   • Example: Product placement in movies and TV shows subtly promotes goods to the audience.
3. Consumerism
   • Example: Consumerism encourages individuals to purchase goods and services in increasing amounts, often for social status.
4. Persuasive techniques
   • Example: Advertisers use persuasive techniques to appeal to consumers’ emotions and influence their buying decisions.
5. Digital marketing
   • Example: Digital marketing leverages online platforms like social media and search engines to reach a broad audience.

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10. Travel & Tourism

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Tourist
   • Example: The city attracts thousands of tourists each year from all over the world.
2. Vacation
   • Example: We went on a vacation to the beach to relax and enjoy the sun.
3. Hotel
   • Example: The hotel offers comfortable rooms and excellent customer service.
4. Flight
   • Example: The flight to Paris will take around eight hours.
5. Destination
   • Example: Paris is a popular travel destination for people who love art and culture.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Sightseeing
   • Example: Sightseeing tours are a great way to explore the main attractions of a city.
2. Accommodation
   • Example: The hotel offers a variety of accommodation options for families and solo travelers.
3. Itinerary
   • Example: Our itinerary for the trip includes visiting museums, parks, and historical landmarks.
4. Backpacking
   • Example: Backpacking through Europe is an adventurous way to experience different cultures.
5. Tourism industry
   • Example: The tourism industry provides jobs for millions of people worldwide.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Cultural exchange
   • Example: Cultural exchange programs allow people to experience and learn from different cultures.
2. Eco-tourism
   • Example: Eco-tourism promotes sustainable travel that benefits local communities and protects the environment.
3. Adventure travel
   • Example: Adventure travel includes activities such as hiking, mountaineering, and exploring remote areas.
4. Sustainable tourism
   • Example: Sustainable tourism ensures that tourist activities have a minimal impact on the environment and local communities.
5. Tourist attraction
   • Example: The Great Wall of China is one of the world’s most famous tourist attractions.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Over-tourism
   • Example: Over-tourism is causing damage to fragile ecosystems and local cultures in popular tourist destinations.
2. Cultural heritage
   • Example: Preserving cultural heritage sites is essential for maintaining a connection to history and traditions.
3. Destination marketing
   • Example: Destination marketing involves promoting a location as an attractive place to visit and explore.
4. Tourist trap
   • Example: Some tourist traps overcharge for products and services, often misleading visitors with inflated prices.
5. Luxury travel
   • Example: Luxury travel offers exclusive experiences, such as private villas, first-class flights, and personalized itineraries.

11. Food & Diet

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Food
   • Example: Eating a balanced diet is essential for maintaining good health.
2. Meal
   • Example: I usually have a light meal in the evening, like salad or soup.
3. Cook
   • Example: I enjoy cooking simple meals like pasta and stir-fry.
4. Vegetables
   • Example: Eating plenty of vegetables is important for staying healthy.
5. Sugar
   • Example: Excessive sugar consumption can lead to health problems like diabetes.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Nutrition
   • Example: Nutrition plays a key role in maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
2. Organic
   • Example: Organic food is grown without the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers.
3. Dietary habits
   • Example: People are becoming more aware of the importance of healthy dietary habits.
4. Calorie
   • Example: It’s important to monitor your calorie intake to maintain a healthy weight.
5. Fast food
   • Example: Fast food is often considered unhealthy due to its high calorie and fat content.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Malnutrition
   • Example: Malnutrition is a serious problem in many developing countries, affecting both children and adults.
2. Balanced diet
   • Example: A balanced diet includes a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, proteins, and grains.
3. Food security
   • Example: Food security ensures that everyone has access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food.
4. Superfoods
   • Example: Superfoods, such as blueberries and kale, are nutrient-rich and beneficial to health.
5. Obesity
   • Example: Obesity rates are rising due to poor dietary choices and a lack of physical activity.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Processed food
   • Example: Processed food is often high in unhealthy additives and preservatives, which can negatively affect health.
2. Plant-based diet
   • Example: A plant-based diet focuses on foods derived from plants, and has been linked to improved health.
3. Food sustainability
   • Example: Food sustainability emphasizes the production of food in ways that are environmentally and socially responsible.
4. Nutritional value
   • Example: It’s important to consider the nutritional value of foods to ensure you are eating a well-rounded diet.
5. Dietary supplement
   • Example: Many people take dietary supplements to fill gaps in their nutrition, but it is important not to rely on them too heavily.

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12. Science

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Experiment
   • Example: The scientist conducted an experiment to test the effects of the new drug.
2. Research
   • Example: The research on cancer treatments is ongoing and has shown promising results.
3. Technology
   • Example: Advances in technology are helping scientists make new discoveries every day.
4. Discovery
   • Example: The discovery of penicillin revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections.
5. Theory
   • Example: The theory of evolution explains how species change over time through natural selection.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Innovation
   • Example: Innovation in medicine has led to the development of life-saving treatments and vaccines.
2. Genetics
   • Example: Genetics is the study of how traits are passed down from one generation to another.
3. Hypothesis
   • Example: The scientist proposed a hypothesis about how climate change could affect marine life.
4. Biotechnology
   • Example: Biotechnology has revolutionized the agriculture industry by enabling the creation of genetically modified crops.
5. Breakthrough
   • Example: The latest breakthrough in renewable energy technology could help reduce global dependence on fossil fuels.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Scientific method
   • Example: The scientific method involves forming a hypothesis, conducting experiments, and analyzing the results to draw conclusions.
2. Climate change
   • Example: Climate change is one of the most pressing scientific issues, as it affects ecosystems and human populations globally.
3. Quantum physics
   • Example: Quantum physics explores the behavior of particles at the atomic and subatomic level, often defying our traditional understanding of the universe.
4. Nanotechnology
   • Example: Nanotechnology is being used to create new materials with extraordinary properties, such as self-healing surfaces.
5. Stem cells
   • Example: Stem cells have the potential to treat a wide range of medical conditions by repairing damaged tissues.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Genomic sequencing
   • Example: Genomic sequencing allows scientists to map the entire genetic makeup of organisms, aiding in disease research and personalized medicine.
2. Artificial intelligence
   • Example: Artificial intelligence is advancing rapidly, with applications in medicine, education, and autonomous vehicles.
3. Ethical dilemmas
   • Example: Advances in science often present ethical dilemmas, such as the moral implications of genetic modification.
4. Scientific paradigm
   • Example: A scientific paradigm shift occurs when new evidence challenges the existing theory or understanding of a phenomenon.
5. Biotechnology revolution
   • Example: The biotechnology revolution is transforming medicine, agriculture, and environmental management with innovations in gene editing and bioengineering.

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13. Family & Relationships

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Family
   • Example: Family is important to me, and we always spend time together during holidays.
2. Marriage
   • Example: Marriage is often considered an important milestone in many cultures.
3. Parent
   • Example: Parents should provide guidance and support to their children throughout their lives.
4. Child
   • Example: The child played happily with his toys in the garden.
5. Siblings
   • Example: I have two siblings, an older brother and a younger sister.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Relationship
   • Example: Healthy relationships are built on trust, communication, and mutual respect.
2. Divorce
   • Example: Divorce rates have increased in many countries due to changing social norms.
3. Single parent
   • Example: Being a single parent can be challenging, but it can also be rewarding.
4. Extended family
   • Example: In many cultures, the extended family plays a significant role in providing support to individuals.
5. Parenthood
   • Example: Parenthood comes with both challenges and rewards, and it requires patience and love.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Work-life balance
   • Example: Achieving a work-life balance is essential for maintaining healthy family relationships.
2. Parenting style
   • Example: Different cultures have varying parenting styles, ranging from authoritative to permissive.
3. Nuclear family
   • Example: The nuclear family, consisting of parents and children, is a common family structure in many societies.
4. Generational gap
   • Example: The generational gap often leads to misunderstandings between older and younger members of a family.
5. Family dynamics
   • Example: Family dynamics can shift dramatically during life events, such as the birth of a child or the death of a parent.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Intergenerational relationships
   • Example: Intergenerational relationships are important for sharing wisdom, maintaining family bonds, and promoting social cohesion.
2. Family cohesion
   • Example: Family cohesion helps to create a supportive environment where each member feels valued and loved.
3. Family therapy
   • Example: Family therapy can help resolve conflicts and improve communication within family units.
4. Blended family
   • Example: A blended family is formed when two families merge, often due to remarriage.
5. Parental responsibility
   • Example: Parental responsibility involves providing for a child’s physical, emotional, and educational needs.

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14. Urbanization & Housing

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. City
   • Example: The city is a bustling place full of opportunities for work and entertainment.
2. Home
   • Example: A home should be a safe and comfortable place for people to live.
3. Apartment
   • Example: She lives in a small apartment in the city center.
4. House
   • Example: They moved to a new house with a large garden for their children to play in.
5. Neighborhood
   • Example: The neighborhood is quiet and family-friendly, with parks and schools nearby.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Suburb
   • Example: Many families choose to live in the suburbs for a quieter, more spacious environment.
2. Urban sprawl
   • Example: Urban sprawl occurs when cities expand outward into surrounding rural areas, leading to congestion and loss of green space.
3. Public transport
   • Example: Public transport is a convenient and affordable way to commute around the city.
4. Housing shortage
   • Example: Many cities face a housing shortage, causing property prices to rise and making it difficult for people to find affordable homes.
5. Construction
   • Example: The construction of new apartments in the city center is rapidly changing the urban landscape.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Smart city
   • Example: Smart cities use technology to improve urban living, including intelligent traffic systems and energy-efficient buildings.
2. Gentrification
   • Example: Gentrification is the process of renovating deteriorating urban areas, often leading to higher property values and the displacement of lower-income residents.
3. Affordable housing
   • Example: Providing affordable housing is crucial to ensuring that everyone has access to a safe and comfortable living space.
4. Urban planning
   • Example: Urban planning involves designing and organizing cities in a way that promotes sustainability, convenience, and quality of life for residents.
5. Environmental impact
   • Example: The environmental impact of urbanization includes increased pollution, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Sustainable urban development
   • Example: Sustainable urban development focuses on building cities that are environmentally responsible and capable of meeting the needs of future generations.
2. Housing affordability crisis
   • Example: The housing affordability crisis is a major issue in many global cities, as rising costs make homeownership out of reach for many people.
3. Urban regeneration
   • Example: Urban regeneration projects aim to rejuvenate neglected areas of cities, improving infrastructure and quality of life.
4. Mixed-use development
   • Example: Mixed-use developments combine residential, commercial, and recreational spaces, creating vibrant and integrated urban environments.
5. Overcrowding
   • Example: Overcrowding in cities can lead to resource shortages, traffic congestion, and a decline in the quality of life for residents.

15. Government & Politics

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Government
   • Example: The government is responsible for creating and enforcing laws in a country.
2. Law
   • Example: Laws are made to protect citizens and maintain order in society.
3. Politics
   • Example: Politics often involves debates about how best to serve the needs of the public.
4. Vote
   • Example: Citizens vote in elections to choose their political leaders.
5. Election
   • Example: The next election will determine who will be the country’s next president.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Democracy
   • Example: Democracy allows citizens to participate in decision-making through voting and elections.
2. Policy
   • Example: The government introduced a new policy to improve public healthcare services.
3. Freedom
   • Example: Freedom of speech is a fundamental right in democratic countries.
4. Constitution
   • Example: The constitution of a country outlines the fundamental laws and principles that govern it.
5. Campaign
   • Example: The political candidate launched a campaign to gain support from the public.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Legislation
   • Example: The government passed new legislation to reduce carbon emissions from industrial activities.
2. Corruption
   • Example: Political corruption can lead to a lack of trust in the government and its institutions.
3. Human rights
   • Example: Protecting human rights is a key goal of many international organizations and governments.
4. International relations
   • Example: International relations play an important role in maintaining peace and cooperation between nations.
5. Political party
   • Example: The political party gained a significant number of seats in the national parliament.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Authoritarian regime
   • Example: An authoritarian regime is one in which political power is concentrated in the hands of a single leader or small group, often suppressing individual freedoms.
2. Bipartisan
   • Example: A bipartisan agreement requires support from both major political parties in a country.
3. Civil liberties
   • Example: Civil liberties refer to the basic rights and freedoms that protect individuals from government interference.
4. Global governance
   • Example: Global governance refers to the collaborative efforts of international institutions to address global issues like climate change and poverty.
5. Electoral system
   • Example: The electoral system determines how votes are counted and how representatives are selected in a democracy.

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16. Art & Culture

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Art
   • Example: Art is a form of expression that allows people to communicate their feelings and ideas.
2. Painting
   • Example: The painting in the gallery is an abstract work that uses bold colors.
3. Museum
   • Example: I enjoy visiting museums to learn about history and view works of art.
4. Music
   • Example: Music plays an important role in cultural celebrations around the world.
5. Performance
   • Example: The theater performance was impressive, with excellent acting and set design.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Exhibition
   • Example: The art exhibition featured works by famous contemporary artists.
2. Creativity
   • Example: Creativity is essential in the world of art, as it leads to new and innovative ideas.
3. Heritage
   • Example: Preserving cultural heritage is important to maintain a connection to our past.
4. Sculpture
   • Example: The sculpture in the park is a modern representation of the human form.
5. Theater
   • Example: The theater production brought the classic play to life with amazing stage effects.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Aesthetic
   • Example: The aesthetic appeal of the artwork made it a popular attraction in the gallery.
2. Cultural diversity
   • Example: Cultural diversity in art helps to broaden our understanding of different traditions and viewpoints.
3. Artistic expression
   • Example: Artistic expression allows individuals to communicate their thoughts and emotions in a creative way.
4. Heritage site
   • Example: UNESCO has designated several sites around the world as World Heritage Sites to protect cultural and natural heritage.
5. Masterpiece
   • Example: The Mona Lisa is considered a masterpiece of Renaissance art due to its intricate detail and historical significance.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Art installation
   • Example: The art installation at the museum explores themes of technology and human connection, creating an immersive experience for visitors.
2. Cultural appropriation
   • Example: Cultural appropriation involves borrowing elements of one culture by another, often without understanding their significance or history.
3. Avant-garde
   • Example: The avant-garde movement challenged traditional notions of art and embraced experimental styles and techniques.
4. Iconic
   • Example: The Eiffel Tower is an iconic symbol of Paris and one of the most recognized landmarks in the world.
5. Renaissance
   • Example: The Renaissance was a period of great cultural and artistic achievement, particularly in Europe during the 14th to 17th centuries.

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17. Media & Entertainment

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Film
   • Example: I enjoy watching films at the cinema on weekends.
2. TV
   • Example: Television is a popular form of entertainment in many households.
3. Celebrity
   • Example: The celebrity was photographed while shopping in a local store.
4. Actor
   • Example: The actor gave an outstanding performance in the movie.
5. Concert
   • Example: I went to a concert last night to see my favorite band perform.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Audience
   • Example: The audience was captivated by the performance and gave a standing ovation.
2. Reality TV
   • Example: Reality TV shows are popular because they offer entertainment based on real-life situations and competitions.
3. Broadcast
   • Example: The news will be broadcast live from the conference hall.
4. Streaming
   • Example: Streaming services like Netflix have revolutionized the way people watch TV shows and movies.
5. Film industry
   • Example: The film industry plays a significant role in creating cultural content and generating economic growth.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Documentary
   • Example: Documentaries provide viewers with in-depth insights into real-world issues, such as climate change and human rights.
2. Entertainment industry
   • Example: The entertainment industry encompasses various sectors, including music, film, and television.
3. Pop culture
   • Example: Pop culture refers to the ideas, practices, and products that are popular among the general public at a given time.
4. Box office
   • Example: The film did well at the box office, grossing millions of dollars within the first week.
5. Digital media
   • Example: Digital media platforms like YouTube and Instagram have changed the way we consume entertainment.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Streaming platform
   • Example: Streaming platforms have disrupted traditional media consumption by allowing users to access content on-demand from anywhere.
2. Censorship
   • Example: Censorship in media often sparks debates about the balance between free speech and public decency.
3. Cult following
   • Example: The TV series gained a cult following, with fans creating fan art and discussing episodes online.
4. Interactive media
   • Example: Interactive media, such as video games and online simulations, allow users to engage with content in a participatory way.
5. Box office hit
   • Example: The movie was a box office hit, grossing more than $500 million worldwide.

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18. Social Issues

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Problem
   • Example: Poverty is a serious problem that needs to be addressed through social policies.
2. Solution
   • Example: Education is often seen as a solution to many social issues, such as unemployment and poverty.
3. Issue
   • Example: The government is focusing on the issue of rising unemployment in urban areas.
4. Cause
   • Example: The cause of environmental pollution is often linked to industrial activity and deforestation.
5. Change
   • Example: Social change can occur gradually as attitudes and behaviors evolve over time.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Equality
   • Example: Equality for all people, regardless of gender or race, is a key principle in modern societies.
2. Discrimination
   • Example: Discrimination based on race, gender, or age can harm social cohesion and fairness.
3. Rights
   • Example: Human rights are the fundamental freedoms and protections afforded to every individual.
4. Poverty
   • Example: Poverty is a widespread issue in many parts of the world, affecting millions of people.
5. Inequality
   • Example: Income inequality can create significant social divides and hinder economic development.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Social justice
   • Example: Social justice ensures that all individuals have equal access to opportunities and resources.
2. Vulnerable groups
   • Example: Vulnerable groups, such as refugees and minorities, need additional support from government programs.
3. Humanitarian aid
   • Example: Humanitarian aid plays a crucial role in providing relief to people affected by natural disasters or conflict.
4. Civic engagement
   • Example: Civic engagement encourages citizens to participate actively in community activities and social issues.
5. Social mobility
   • Example: Social mobility refers to the ability of individuals to move up or down the social ladder based on their achievements.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Social inequality
   • Example: Social inequality can lead to feelings of alienation and contribute to civil unrest.
2. Economic disparity
   • Example: Economic disparity between different regions can lead to uneven development and social tensions.
3. Human rights violations
   • Example: Human rights violations, such as forced labor and child exploitation, continue to be major issues in some parts of the world.
4. Affirmative action
   • Example: Affirmative action policies aim to increase opportunities for historically marginalized groups in education and employment.
5. Social exclusion
   • Example: Social exclusion occurs when certain individuals or groups are marginalized and denied access to resources and opportunities.

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19. Environment

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Environment
   • Example: Protecting the environment is essential for future generations.
2. Nature
   • Example: Nature provides the resources we need to survive, such as food and water.
3. Pollution
   • Example: Air pollution can cause serious health problems like asthma.
4. Climate
   • Example: The climate in tropical regions is hot and humid throughout the year.
5. Trees
   • Example: Trees help to reduce air pollution by absorbing carbon dioxide.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Global warming
   • Example: Global warming is causing the melting of polar ice caps and rising sea levels.
2. Conservation
   • Example: Wildlife conservation is necessary to protect endangered species from extinction.
3. Sustainability
   • Example: Sustainability in agriculture is essential to ensure food security for future generations.
4. Deforestation
   • Example: Deforestation is a major environmental issue that leads to loss of biodiversity and contributes to climate change.
5. Recycling
   • Example: Recycling helps reduce waste and conserve natural resources.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Biodiversity
   • Example: Protecting biodiversity is crucial for maintaining healthy ecosystems and preventing species extinction.
2. Ecosystem
   • Example: An ecosystem includes all the living organisms and their physical environment in a specific area.
3. Greenhouse gases
   • Example: Greenhouse gases trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere and contribute to global warming.
4. Carbon footprint
   • Example: Reducing your carbon footprint is important to help mitigate climate change.
5. Renewable energy
   • Example: Solar and wind power are examples of renewable energy sources that can replace fossil fuels.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Sustainable development
   • Example: Sustainable development aims to meet current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
2. Ecological footprint
   • Example: The ecological footprint measures the impact of human activity on the planet’s natural resources.
3. Climate change adaptation
   • Example: Climate change adaptation involves making adjustments to human activities to minimize the negative impacts of global warming.
4. Carbon emissions
   • Example: Reducing carbon emissions is critical to combating global warming and limiting its harmful effects on the environment.
5. Environmental degradation
   • Example: Environmental degradation refers to the deterioration of the environment due to human activity, such as deforestation and pollution.

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20. Technology

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Computer
   • Example: Computers are essential tools for work, study, and entertainment.
2. Internet
   • Example: The internet allows people to access information and communicate with others worldwide.
3. Phone
   • Example: Many people use their phones for texting, calling, and browsing the web.
4. Device
   • Example: She uses a tablet device to read books and watch videos.
5. Technology
   • Example: Technology has made our lives more convenient in many ways.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Innovation
   • Example: Innovation in technology is driving major improvements in industries like healthcare and transportation.
2. Smartphone
   • Example: Smartphones have become an essential part of daily life, offering a variety of functions beyond just calling.
3. Software
   • Example: The software allows users to create and edit documents and spreadsheets.
4. Digital
   • Example: Digital technology has revolutionized communication, making it faster and more accessible.
5. Automation
   • Example: Automation in factories has increased production efficiency and reduced labor costs.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
   • Example: Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming industries by automating processes and enabling machines to perform tasks traditionally done by humans.
2. Blockchain
   • Example: Blockchain technology has revolutionized digital transactions by providing secure and transparent record-keeping.
3. Virtual reality
   • Example: Virtual reality technology is used in gaming and training simulations to create immersive experiences.
4. Cybersecurity
   • Example: Cybersecurity is crucial for protecting personal and organizational data from online threats.
5. Cloud computing
   • Example: Cloud computing allows businesses and individuals to store and access data remotely, improving collaboration and data management.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Augmented reality
   • Example: Augmented reality is being used in marketing, gaming, and education to blend digital content with the real world.
2. Nanotechnology
   • Example: Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at an atomic or molecular scale, with applications in medicine and electronics.
3. 5G technology
   • Example: 5G technology is expected to enhance internet speeds and enable the development of new technologies like autonomous vehicles.
4. Internet of Things (IoT)
   • Example: The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of physical devices, such as smart home appliances, that are connected to the internet.
5. Robotics
   • Example: Robotics is transforming industries like manufacturing and healthcare by creating automated systems that perform tasks with precision.

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21. Crime & Law

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Crime
   • Example: Crime rates have increased in some areas due to poverty and lack of opportunity.
2. Law
   • Example: Laws are important for maintaining order and ensuring justice in society.
3. Police
   • Example: The police work to keep the community safe and enforce the law.
4. Jail
   • Example: The suspect was sent to jail after being found guilty of theft.
5. Punishment
   • Example: The punishment for breaking the law should fit the severity of the crime.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Criminal
   • Example: The criminal was caught and sent to prison for his actions.
2. Justice
   • Example: The justice system should ensure fair trials and appropriate punishment for criminals.
3. Prison
   • Example: Prison is a place where criminals are confined as a form of punishment.
4. Rehabilitation
   • Example: Rehabilitation programs are important for helping offenders reintegrate into society after serving their sentence.
5. Victim
   • Example: The victim of the crime received support from a charity organization.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Recidivism
   • Example: Recidivism refers to the tendency of criminals to reoffend after their release from prison.
2. Sentencing
   • Example: Sentencing guidelines help ensure that criminals are punished appropriately for their crimes.
3. Juvenile crime
   • Example: Juvenile crime rates have been rising in some areas, highlighting the need for early intervention and prevention programs.
4. Forensic science
   • Example: Forensic science plays a crucial role in solving crimes by analyzing evidence like DNA and fingerprints.
5. Deterrence
   • Example: Harsh punishments for crimes serve as a deterrent to potential criminals.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Rehabilitation programs
   • Example: Rehabilitation programs focus on rehabilitating offenders and reducing recidivism by providing education, therapy, and skills training.
2. Capital punishment
   • Example: Capital punishment, or the death penalty, remains a controversial issue in many countries.
3. Criminal justice system
   • Example: The criminal justice system ensures that offenders are held accountable for their actions while maintaining the rights of the accused.
4. Restorative justice
   • Example: Restorative justice focuses on repairing harm caused by crime through dialogue between offenders and victims.
5. White-collar crime
   • Example: White-collar crime, such as fraud and embezzlement, is committed by individuals in professional settings.

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22. Globalization

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. World
   • Example: The world is becoming more connected due to advancements in technology and communication.
2. Global
   • Example: Global trade helps countries exchange goods and services to meet their needs.
3. Country
   • Example: Each country has its own laws and cultural practices.
4. Foreign
   • Example: I traveled to a foreign country to experience a different culture.
5. Travel
   • Example: Traveling abroad can help broaden your perspective on global issues.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Trade
   • Example: Global trade allows countries to specialize in producing goods they can export to other nations.
2. Multinational
   • Example: Multinational companies operate in multiple countries, often driving economic growth and creating jobs.
3. Interconnected
   • Example: Globalization has made economies and cultures more interconnected than ever before.
4. Outsource
   • Example: Many companies outsource their manufacturing to countries with lower labor costs.
5. Cultural exchange
   • Example: Cultural exchange programs allow individuals from different countries to learn from each other.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Economic interdependence
   • Example: Economic interdependence means that countries rely on each other for trade, resources, and financial support.
2. International trade
   • Example: International trade agreements between countries aim to reduce tariffs and barriers to exchange goods and services.
3. Global market
   • Example: Companies that operate in the global market must understand different cultural norms and consumer behaviors to be successful.
4. Transnational
   • Example: Transnational corporations operate across borders, with a global workforce and supply chain.
5. Cultural homogenization
   • Example: Cultural homogenization occurs when local cultures adopt global trends, potentially losing unique cultural traits.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Globalization of culture
   • Example: The globalization of culture has led to the spread of ideas, music, and fashion across national borders.
2. Free trade agreements
   • Example: Free trade agreements aim to eliminate trade barriers and promote economic growth between participating countries.
3. Cross-cultural communication
   • Example: Cross-cultural communication is essential for businesses operating in multiple countries to build relationships and understand local markets.
4. Cultural imperialism
   • Example: Cultural imperialism is the dominance of one culture over others, often through media and consumer products.
5. Global workforce
   • Example: The global workforce is increasingly diverse, with employees from different countries working together in multinational organizations.

23. Transportation

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Car
   • Example: Many people drive cars to commute to work every day.
2. Bus
   • Example: The bus is a popular mode of transportation for students and workers in the city.
3. Train
   • Example: The train system in the city is very efficient and can take you anywhere.
4. Journey
   • Example: The journey to the mountains took about four hours by car.
5. Road
   • Example: The roads were empty this morning, so I reached work earlier than usual.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Public transport
   • Example: Public transport is often the most affordable way to get around in busy cities.
2. Traffic
   • Example: Traffic jams are common in the city during rush hour.
3. Bicycle
   • Example: Riding a bicycle is an eco-friendly way to travel short distances.
4. Commute
   • Example: She has to commute two hours to work every day.
5. Airport
   • Example: The airport was busy with travelers heading to different destinations.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Congestion
   • Example: Traffic congestion in large cities leads to longer travel times and higher pollution levels.
2. Infrastructure
   • Example: Good transportation infrastructure is crucial for economic growth and reducing travel time.
3. Carpool
   • Example: Carpooling helps reduce traffic congestion and is more environmentally friendly.
4. Cycling infrastructure
   • Example: Many cities are investing in cycling infrastructure to encourage people to cycle instead of driving.
5. Subway
   • Example: The subway system is a quick and convenient way to travel across the city.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Sustainable transportation
   • Example: Sustainable transportation options, such as electric buses and bicycles, can help reduce carbon emissions.
2. Autonomous vehicles
   • Example: Autonomous vehicles, or self-driving cars, are expected to revolutionize transportation in the near future.
3. High-speed rail
   • Example: High-speed rail networks are being developed in many countries to provide faster and more efficient travel options.
4. Urban mobility
   • Example: Urban mobility refers to the ease and efficiency of getting around in a city using various modes of transportation.
5. Electric vehicles (EVs)
   • Example: Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly popular as people look for more eco-friendly alternatives to traditional cars.

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24. Shopping & Consumerism

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Store
   • Example: I bought a new shirt from the store yesterday.
2. Sale
   • Example: The store is having a big sale on clothes this weekend.
3. Product
   • Example: The product I bought was on discount, so I decided to buy it.
4. Price
   • Example: The price of this laptop is too high for me to afford right now.
5. Shopping
   • Example: I enjoy shopping for clothes and accessories at the weekend.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Retail
   • Example: The retail industry has been heavily affected by online shopping in recent years.
2. Consumer goods
   • Example: Consumer goods, such as electronics and clothes, are often advertised on television.
3. Discount
   • Example: I was able to buy the shoes at a 30% discount during the sale.
4. Brand
   • Example: People often prefer well-known brands because they associate them with quality.
5. Advertisement
   • Example: The advertisement on TV showed a new phone that is waterproof and has great features.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Consumer behavior
   • Example: Understanding consumer behavior helps companies develop effective marketing strategies.
2. Impulse buying
   • Example: Impulse buying occurs when consumers make unplanned purchases due to attractive promotions or advertisements.
3. E-commerce
   • Example: E-commerce has grown significantly, as more people shop online rather than going to physical stores.
4. Luxury goods
   • Example: Luxury goods, such as designer handbags and expensive watches, are often marketed to wealthy consumers.
5. Sustainability in fashion
   • Example: Sustainability in fashion refers to the use of eco-friendly materials and ethical production practices in the fashion industry.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Consumerism
   • Example: Consumerism encourages individuals to purchase goods and services in increasing amounts, often driven by social pressure.
2. Planned obsolescence
   • Example: Planned obsolescence is the practice of designing products to wear out or become outdated quickly, encouraging consumers to buy more frequently.
3. Greenwashing
   • Example: Greenwashing is a deceptive marketing practice where companies claim their products are environmentally friendly without substantial proof.
4. Fair trade
   • Example: Fair trade products are produced and traded under ethical standards that ensure fair wages and working conditions for workers.
5. Minimalism
   • Example: Minimalism promotes living with fewer material possessions, focusing instead on experiences and a simpler lifestyle.

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25. Sports & Leisure

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Sport
   • Example: Football is a popular sport around the world, enjoyed by millions of fans.
2. Team
   • Example: The team worked together to win the match against their rivals.
3. Exercise
   • Example: Regular exercise is essential for maintaining good health.
4. Game
   • Example: We played a fun game of basketball with our friends yesterday.
5. Competition
   • Example: The competition was fierce, but our team managed to come out on top.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Athlete
   • Example: The athlete trained for years before winning the gold medal at the Olympics.
2. Fitness
   • Example: Fitness is important for both physical and mental health.
3. Recreation
   • Example: People often engage in recreational activities like hiking or swimming during their free time.
4. Professional sport
   • Example: Professional sports require a high level of skill, training, and dedication.
5. Physical activity
   • Example: Incorporating physical activity into your daily routine can improve overall health.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Sportsmanship
   • Example: Good sportsmanship is essential for fostering a positive and respectful environment in competitive sports.
2. Endurance
   • Example: Marathon runners need great endurance to complete the race.
3. Recreational activities
   • Example: Recreational activities like cycling and kayaking are great for reducing stress and staying active.
4. Team spirit
   • Example: Team spirit is important for building a sense of unity and motivation among teammates.
5. Physical fitness
   • Example: Physical fitness includes strength, flexibility, and cardiovascular health, which contribute to overall well-being.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Sports psychology
   • Example: Sports psychology helps athletes improve their mental focus and performance under pressure.
2. Extreme sports
   • Example: Extreme sports like skydiving and bungee jumping attract thrill-seekers who crave an adrenaline rush.
3. Doping
   • Example: Doping is a serious issue in professional sports, as it involves using illegal substances to enhance performance.
4. Sports tourism
   • Example: Sports tourism refers to traveling to different locations to watch or participate in major sporting events.
5. Elite athlete
   • Example: Elite athletes train intensively to compete at the highest level in their respective sports.

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26. Art & Culture (continued)

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Painting
   • Example: The painting of a sunset was hung on the wall of the art gallery.
2. Music
   • Example: Music is a form of art that can evoke powerful emotions in listeners.
3. Museum
   • Example: The museum displayed ancient artifacts from Egypt and Greece.
4. Dance
   • Example: Dance is an expressive art form that is often used to tell stories.
5. Theater
   • Example: The theater production was praised for its exceptional acting and set design.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Exhibition
   • Example: The exhibition featured contemporary art from young local artists.
2. Cultural heritage
   • Example: Cultural heritage is important for preserving the history and traditions of a community.
3. Literature
   • Example: Literature is a reflection of society and human experience through written works.
4. Gallery
   • Example: The gallery showcases a variety of art forms, from paintings to sculptures.
5. Sculpture
   • Example: The modern sculpture was displayed in the city park for everyone to enjoy.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Artistic expression
   • Example: Artistic expression allows individuals to convey their ideas and emotions through different media.
2. Cultural diversity
   • Example: Cultural diversity in art is celebrated because it provides a wide range of perspectives and experiences.
3. Heritage site
   • Example: The ancient temple is now a UNESCO heritage site, protected for future generations to visit and admire.
4. Masterpiece
   • Example: The Mona Lisa is considered one of the greatest masterpieces in the history of art.
5. Avant-garde
   • Example: The avant-garde movement challenged traditional concepts of art and embraced new forms of creativity.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Renaissance
   • Example: The Renaissance was a period of great cultural and artistic achievement in Europe.
2. Baroque
   • Example: Baroque art is characterized by dramatic use of light and shadow, and ornate details.
3. Cultural appropriation
   • Example: Cultural appropriation occurs when elements of a culture are taken out of context or used without respect.
4. Impressionism
   • Example: Impressionism was a revolutionary art movement that focused on capturing light and natural scenes in a unique way.
5. Iconography
   • Example: Iconography refers to the symbolic images or motifs used in art to convey particular meanings.

27. Aging Population

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Old
   • Example: As people get old, they often need more care and attention.
2. Age
   • Example: Age is just a number, but it can affect a person’s health and energy levels.
3. Retirement
   • Example: Many people look forward to retirement after working for many years.
4. Senior
   • Example: Senior citizens often receive discounts on public transportation and other services.
5. Care
   • Example: Old people may need special care and attention from family members or professionals.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Elderly
   • Example: The elderly population is growing rapidly, and societies must prepare for their needs.
2. Longevity
   • Example: Increased longevity means that people are living longer, leading to a larger elderly population.
3. Nursing home
   • Example: Some elderly people prefer to live in a nursing home where they can receive proper medical care.
4. Pension
   • Example: A pension is an essential source of income for people after retirement.
5. Caregiver
   • Example: A caregiver looks after the elderly, helping them with daily tasks and health needs.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Ageing population
   • Example: The ageing population poses challenges to healthcare systems and pension schemes in many countries.
2. Retirement age
   • Example: Many countries are gradually raising the retirement age to cope with the growing number of elderly citizens.
3. Healthcare services
   • Example: As the population ages, healthcare services need to adapt to cater to more elderly people.
4. Social security
   • Example: Social security programs provide financial assistance to elderly people after they retire.
5. Independence
   • Example: Some elderly people struggle with losing their independence due to age-related health problems.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Age-related decline
   • Example: Age-related decline in cognitive function is a concern for many elderly individuals and their families.
2. Geriatrics
   • Example: Geriatrics is the branch of medicine that focuses on the healthcare of the elderly.
3. Intergenerational support
   • Example: Intergenerational support, where younger people care for the elderly, is crucial in societies with a growing ageing population.
4. Retirement planning
   • Example: Retirement planning is important for individuals to ensure financial security during their later years of life.
5. Ageism
   • Example: Ageism, or discrimination based on age, is a major issue that elderly people often face in the workplace and society.

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28. Space Exploration

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Space
   • Example: Space is vast, and scientists are constantly learning more about it.
2. Planet
   • Example: Earth is the only planet known to support life.
3. Moon
   • Example: The moon orbits the Earth and affects ocean tides.
4. Astronaut
   • Example: Astronauts travel into space to explore planets and conduct experiments.
5. Rocket
   • Example: Rockets are used to launch spacecraft into space.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Mars
   • Example: Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun, and scientists are studying it for signs of life.
2. Satellite
   • Example: Satellites are used for communication, weather forecasting, and military purposes.
3. Spacecraft
   • Example: The spacecraft successfully landed on the surface of the Moon, collecting valuable data for scientists.
4. Mission
   • Example: The space mission to Mars aims to send humans there within the next two decades.
5. Orbit
   • Example: Satellites are placed into orbit around the Earth to monitor weather patterns and facilitate communication.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Space station
   • Example: The International Space Station (ISS) is a research laboratory located in space.
2. Astronomy
   • Example: Astronomy is the scientific study of celestial bodies such as stars, planets, and galaxies.
3. Space exploration
   • Example: Space exploration has expanded humanity’s understanding of the universe and its origins.
4. Extraterrestrial
   • Example: Many scientists believe there may be extraterrestrial life on planets outside our solar system.
5. Zero gravity
   • Example: Astronauts experience zero gravity in space, which affects how their bodies function.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Interplanetary travel
   • Example: Interplanetary travel refers to journeys between planets within our solar system, a goal for future space missions.
2. Terraforming
   • Example: Terraforming is the process of altering a planet’s environment to make it habitable for humans, a concept often discussed in relation to Mars.
3. Astronomical discoveries
   • Example: Astronomical discoveries, such as the detection of exoplanets, continue to expand our knowledge of the universe.
4. Space colonization
   • Example: Space colonization involves establishing human settlements on other planets, potentially addressing Earth’s overpopulation issues in the future.
5. Cosmic radiation
   • Example: Cosmic radiation is a concern for astronauts, as it can cause long-term health problems due to prolonged exposure in space.

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29. Youth & Society

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Youth
   • Example: Youth is a time for learning and discovering one’s passions in life.
2. Teenager
   • Example: Teenagers often struggle with peer pressure and establishing their own identities.
3. School
   • Example: School is where children and teenagers learn basic knowledge and social skills.
4. Friends
   • Example: Having friends is important for emotional well-being and social interaction.
5. Hobby
   • Example: Many teenagers enjoy hobbies like playing sports, painting, or playing video games.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Adolescence
   • Example: Adolescence is a period of significant physical, emotional, and social development.
2. Peer pressure
   • Example: Peer pressure can lead young people to make choices they might not otherwise make.
3. Role models
   • Example: Positive role models can influence young people to make good life choices.
4. Social media
   • Example: Social media plays a big role in the lives of many young people today, allowing them to stay connected and share their experiences.
5. Identity
   • Example: Teenagers often face challenges in forming their personal identity and understanding their place in society.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Coming-of-age
   • Example: Coming-of-age stories focus on the transition from childhood to adulthood and the challenges faced during this period.
2. Youth culture
   • Example: Youth culture is constantly evolving, often influenced by trends in music, fashion, and technology.
3. Socialization
   • Example: Socialization helps young people learn the norms and values of their society and prepares them for adult life.
4. Youth unemployment
   • Example: Youth unemployment is a significant issue in many countries, as young people struggle to find jobs after finishing school.
5. Substance abuse
   • Example: Substance abuse among young people can lead to long-term physical and mental health problems.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Generation gap
   • Example: The generation gap refers to the differences in attitudes, values, and behaviors between younger and older generations.
2. Youth empowerment
   • Example: Youth empowerment involves giving young people the skills, confidence, and opportunities to make decisions and create positive change in their communities.
3. Youth activism
   • Example: Youth activism has been a driving force in social and political movements, with young people advocating for climate action and social justice.
4. Intergenerational relationships
   • Example: Intergenerational relationships provide opportunities for younger and older generations to learn from each other and share experiences.
5. Youth mental health
   • Example: Youth mental health has become a growing concern, as young people face increasing pressures from academic and social challenges.

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30. Advertising & Marketing

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Advertise
   • Example: Companies advertise their products on TV, social media, and billboards.
2. Product
   • Example: The product is a new type of energy drink that is marketed as healthy.
3. Market
   • Example: The market for smartphones has grown rapidly in recent years.
4. Brand
   • Example: Brand loyalty is important for companies as it encourages repeat business from customers.
5. Consumer
   • Example: Consumers often make purchasing decisions based on advertising and reviews.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Campaign
   • Example: The company launched a new advertising campaign to promote their latest product.
2. Target audience
   • Example: The target audience for this product is young adults aged 18 to 35.
3. Promotion
   • Example: Sales promotions, such as discounts and limited-time offers, are commonly used to boost sales.
4. Publicity
   • Example: Publicity helps generate interest in a product or event, often through media coverage.
5. Endorsement
   • Example: Celebrity endorsements can help boost a product’s image and appeal to a wider audience.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Branding
   • Example: Branding is the process of creating a unique identity for a company or product.
2. Influencer marketing
   • Example: Influencer marketing involves partnering with popular social media personalities to promote products to their followers.
3. Consumer behavior
   • Example: Understanding consumer behavior is essential for businesses to tailor their marketing strategies effectively.
4. Sponsorship
   • Example: Sponsorship deals often involve brands supporting events or individuals in exchange for publicity.
5. Target market
   • Example: Identifying a product’s target market helps companies tailor their marketing efforts to the right consumers.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Guerrilla marketing
   • Example: Guerrilla marketing involves using unconventional and low-cost strategies to promote products and create buzz.
2. Digital advertising
   • Example: Digital advertising is becoming increasingly popular as businesses shift their focus to online platforms like social media and search engines.
3. Psychological pricing
   • Example: Psychological pricing techniques, such as setting a price at $9.99 instead of $10, are used to influence consumer behavior.
4. Viral marketing
   • Example: Viral marketing relies on social media and word-of-mouth to spread marketing messages quickly and widely.
5. Niche marketing
   • Example: Niche marketing targets specific, often underserved, customer segments, offering tailored products and services.

31. Education System

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. School
   • Example: The school provides a variety of subjects for students to study.
2. Teacher
   • Example: The teacher explains the lesson clearly and answers students’ questions.
3. Student
   • Example: Every student in the class has to complete the homework on time.
4. Subject
   • Example: Mathematics is one of the most important subjects taught in schools.
5. Classroom
   • Example: The classroom is equipped with a projector and computers for interactive lessons.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Curriculum
   • Example: The curriculum includes subjects such as mathematics, science, and literature.
2. Examination
   • Example: The final examination will test students’ understanding of the entire course.
3. Homework
   • Example: Students are assigned homework every week to reinforce what they learn in class.
4. Grade
   • Example: A student’s grade reflects their performance and understanding of the material.
5. Teacher training
   • Example: Teacher training programs aim to prepare educators to deliver high-quality education.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Pedagogy
   • Example: Pedagogy focuses on effective teaching methods and learning strategies to enhance student engagement.
2. Assessment
   • Example: Regular assessments help track students’ progress and identify areas for improvement.
3. Higher education
   • Example: Higher education institutions provide advanced degrees such as bachelor’s, master’s, and doctorates.
4. Vocational training
   • Example: Vocational training prepares students for specific careers, such as plumbing or electrical work.
5. Standardized testing
   • Example: Standardized testing is often used to assess students’ academic abilities and compare them nationally.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Inclusive education
   • Example: Inclusive education ensures that students with disabilities receive equal opportunities to learn alongside their peers.
2. Educational equity
   • Example: Educational equity seeks to provide all students, regardless of background, with the same high-quality education.
3. Curricular reform
   • Example: Curricular reform aims to update and improve educational systems to meet the needs of modern society.
4. Blended learning
   • Example: Blended learning combines online and in-person teaching to create a more flexible learning experience.
5. Lifelong learning
   • Example: Lifelong learning encourages individuals to continue acquiring knowledge and skills throughout their lives, enhancing personal and professional growth.

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32. Crime Prevention

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Crime
   • Example: Crime is a serious issue that affects communities and people’s safety.
2. Police
   • Example: The police are responsible for maintaining order and preventing crime in the city.
3. Victim
   • Example: The victim reported the crime to the authorities for investigation.
4. Punishment
   • Example: The punishment for theft is imprisonment or a fine, depending on the severity of the crime.
5. Safety
   • Example: Everyone should feel safe in their community, free from the fear of crime.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Crime rate
   • Example: The crime rate in the city has been rising, causing concern among residents.
2. Law enforcement
   • Example: Law enforcement agencies work to prevent crime and ensure justice in society.
3. Community policing
   • Example: Community policing encourages cooperation between the police and local residents to reduce crime.
4. Prevention programs
   • Example: Crime prevention programs aim to reduce criminal activity through education and early intervention.
5. Rehabilitation
   • Example: Rehabilitation programs aim to help offenders reintegrate into society and reduce the likelihood of reoffending.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Restorative justice
   • Example: Restorative justice focuses on repairing harm caused by crime and involves dialogue between offenders and victims.
2. Deterrence
   • Example: Deterrence aims to discourage people from committing crimes by imposing severe penalties for wrongdoing.
3. Reoffending
   • Example: Reoffending rates remain high, suggesting that current prison systems are not effective in rehabilitating criminals.
4. Social intervention
   • Example: Social intervention programs provide support to at-risk individuals to prevent them from turning to crime.
5. Surveillance
   • Example: Surveillance cameras in public spaces are used to monitor criminal activity and increase security.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Crime deterrence strategies
   • Example: Crime deterrence strategies, such as increasing police presence in high-crime areas, are effective in reducing crime rates.
2. Socioeconomic factors
   • Example: Socioeconomic factors, such as poverty and unemployment, can contribute to higher crime rates in certain areas.
3. Restorative practices
   • Example: Restorative practices involve offenders taking responsibility for their actions and making amends to victims and the community.
4. Criminal rehabilitation programs
   • Example: Criminal rehabilitation programs focus on educating offenders and providing them with skills to prevent reoffending.
5. Crime reduction initiatives
   • Example: Crime reduction initiatives involve a combination of police action, community engagement, and social services to tackle the root causes of criminal behavior.

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33. Social Media

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Internet
   • Example: The internet has changed the way people interact and share information globally.
2. Social media
   • Example: Social media platforms like Facebook and Instagram allow users to connect with friends and family.
3. Post
   • Example: She posted a picture of her vacation on social media to share with her friends.
4. Profile
   • Example: You can create a personal profile on social media to share your interests and updates.
5. Friend
   • Example: Social media makes it easier to stay in touch with friends, no matter where they live.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Platform
   • Example: Social media platforms provide a space for users to interact, share content, and stay updated.
2. Hashtag
   • Example: Hashtags are used on social media to categorize posts and make them easier to find.
3. Followers
   • Example: Celebrities often have millions of followers on social media who engage with their content.
4. Influencer
   • Example: Influencers use social media to promote products, services, and lifestyle brands to their audience.
5. Privacy
   • Example: Privacy concerns are growing as personal data shared on social media platforms is often vulnerable to misuse.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Digital footprint
   • Example: Your digital footprint consists of all the information and content you share online, which can be accessed by others.
2. Online presence
   • Example: A strong online presence is important for personal branding and business success in the digital age.
3. Social networking
   • Example: Social networking helps individuals and businesses connect with others and build relationships online.
4. Content creation
   • Example: Content creation is the process of producing videos, blogs, or other materials for sharing on social media platforms.
5. Social media addiction
   • Example: Social media addiction can have negative effects on mental health, leading to anxiety and low self-esteem.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Influencer marketing
   • Example: Influencer marketing has become a key strategy for brands to reach target audiences through trusted personalities.
2. Echo chamber
   • Example: An echo chamber is created when social media users are exposed only to information that reinforces their existing beliefs.
3. Digital citizenship
   • Example: Digital citizenship refers to responsible and ethical behavior when interacting with others online.
4. Viral content
   • Example: Viral content spreads rapidly across social media platforms, often due to its entertaining or emotionally engaging nature.
5. Social media algorithms
   • Example: Social media algorithms determine the content that appears in a user’s feed based on their preferences and previous interactions.

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34. Immigration

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Immigrant
   • Example: Immigrants move to new countries to seek better job opportunities and improve their lives.
2. Country
   • Example: Some people move to another country to escape political instability or violence.
3. Visa
   • Example: Many people need a visa to enter a country for work, study, or tourism.
4. Refugee
   • Example: Refugees flee their home countries due to war, persecution, or natural disasters.
5. Work permit
   • Example: A work permit allows immigrants to legally work in a foreign country.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Immigration policy
   • Example: Immigration policy outlines the rules and regulations that govern the movement of people into a country.
2. Citizenship
   • Example: Gaining citizenship allows immigrants to enjoy the full rights and privileges of the country they live in.
3. Expatriate
   • Example: An expatriate is someone who lives and works in a foreign country for an extended period.
4. Asylum
   • Example: People who seek asylum are asking for protection from persecution in their home country.
5. Naturalization
   • Example: Naturalization is the process by which a foreign-born person becomes a citizen of another country.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Cultural assimilation
   • Example: Cultural assimilation refers to the process of immigrants adopting the customs and practices of their new country.
2. Immigration crisis
   • Example: The immigration crisis in some countries has sparked debates about border control and refugee resettlement.
3. Brain drain
   • Example: Brain drain occurs when highly educated or skilled individuals leave their home country for better job opportunities abroad.
4. Undocumented immigration
   • Example: Undocumented immigration refers to people who enter or stay in a country without the necessary legal documentation.
5. Migrant worker
   • Example: Migrant workers often move to other countries to take on temporary jobs in sectors such as agriculture or construction.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Immigration reform
   • Example: Immigration reform involves changes to policies and laws to address issues such as illegal immigration and refugee intake.
2. Visa quota
   • Example: A visa quota limits the number of visas granted to immigrants in a given time period.
3. Multiculturalism
   • Example: Multiculturalism promotes the coexistence of diverse cultures and encourages immigrants to maintain their cultural identity while integrating into society.
4. Human trafficking
   • Example: Human trafficking is a serious crime that exploits immigrants for forced labor or sexual exploitation.
5. Integration policies
   • Example: Integration policies aim to help immigrants successfully adapt to their new community while maintaining their cultural heritage.

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35. Environment & Sustainable Development

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Environment
   • Example: The environment is being affected by pollution and deforestation.
2. Waste
   • Example: Waste should be reduced, recycled, and properly disposed of to protect the environment.
3. Energy
   • Example: Renewable energy sources like wind and solar power can help reduce environmental damage.
4. Recycling
   • Example: Recycling paper and plastic helps reduce waste and save resources.
5. Pollution
   • Example: Pollution from factories is harming the air quality in the surrounding area.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Sustainable
   • Example: Sustainable development focuses on meeting current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
2. Climate change
   • Example: Climate change is causing rising temperatures and extreme weather conditions around the world.
3. Conservation
   • Example: Conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species and preserve natural habitats.
4. Renewable energy
   • Example: Solar and wind energy are renewable resources that provide clean power without polluting the environment.
5. Deforestation
   • Example: Deforestation contributes to the loss of biodiversity and increases carbon emissions.

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36. Work-Life Balance

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Work
   • Example: People work hard to support their families and achieve their goals.
2. Life
   • Example: A good balance between work and life helps maintain mental and physical health.
3. Job
   • Example: Having a fulfilling job is important, but it shouldn’t come at the cost of personal time.
4. Rest
   • Example: Rest is essential to recharge and maintain productivity during work hours.
5. Time
   • Example: Finding time for hobbies and family is crucial for a balanced life.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Workload
   • Example: A heavy workload can lead to stress and burnout if not managed properly.
2. Stress
   • Example: High levels of stress at work can negatively affect a person’s well-being and productivity.
3. Flexibility
   • Example: Work flexibility, such as remote working or flexible hours, helps employees balance their personal and professional lives.
4. Leisure
   • Example: Spending time on leisure activities helps reduce stress and improve work-life balance.
5. Boundaries
   • Example: Setting clear boundaries between work and personal time is essential for maintaining a healthy work-life balance.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Burnout
   • Example: Burnout is a common issue when employees are overworked and lack sufficient breaks or support.
2. Time management
   • Example: Time management is essential for balancing work and personal responsibilities effectively.
3. Employee well-being
   • Example: Many companies now focus on employee well-being to ensure that workers remain healthy and productive.
4. Work flexibility
   • Example: Work flexibility, such as telecommuting, can help employees manage family obligations alongside their professional duties.
5. Quality of life
   • Example: A good work-life balance contributes to a higher overall quality of life, including improved physical and mental health.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Work-life integration
   • Example: Work-life integration is a more fluid approach that combines professional and personal responsibilities in a balanced way.
2. Job satisfaction
   • Example: Job satisfaction is a key factor in achieving a positive work-life balance, as it impacts both motivation and mental health.
3. Personal development
   • Example: Personal development, such as learning new skills or pursuing hobbies, is an important aspect of work-life balance.
4. Occupational health
   • Example: Occupational health focuses on promoting well-being and preventing work-related illnesses or injuries.
5. Employee engagement
   • Example: Employee engagement strategies focus on creating a positive work environment that supports both productivity and personal fulfillment.

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37. Technology in Education

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Technology
   • Example: Technology is used in education to make learning more engaging and accessible.
2. Computer
   • Example: Computers are essential tools in classrooms for research and completing assignments.
3. Classroom
   • Example: Many classrooms now have smartboards that enhance the teaching experience.
4. Learning
   • Example: Online learning is becoming increasingly popular for students around the world.
5. Student
   • Example: Students use various technological tools to enhance their learning experiences.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. E-learning
   • Example: E-learning platforms offer a convenient way for students to access educational materials online.
2. Interactive tools
   • Example: Interactive tools, such as quizzes and games, help students stay engaged during lessons.
3. Online education
   • Example: Online education provides students with the flexibility to learn at their own pace.
4. Digital literacy
   • Example: Digital literacy is essential for students to navigate online resources and use technology effectively for learning.
5. Virtual classroom
   • Example: A virtual classroom allows students to attend lessons remotely, making education more accessible.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Blended learning
   • Example: Blended learning combines traditional classroom methods with online learning, providing a more flexible educational experience.
2. EdTech
   • Example: EdTech, or educational technology, refers to the use of digital tools and platforms in the learning process.
3. Learning management system (LMS)
   • Example: A learning management system (LMS) helps educators manage and distribute educational content to students.
4. Interactive learning
   • Example: Interactive learning encourages students to engage with the material actively, rather than passively listening to lectures.
5. Distance learning
   • Example: Distance learning allows students to complete their education from anywhere, without needing to be physically present in a classroom.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Artificial intelligence in education
   • Example: Artificial intelligence in education can personalize learning experiences by adapting to each student’s individual needs.
2. Gamification
   • Example: Gamification involves using game elements like points and levels in the classroom to motivate students and enhance learning.
3. Mobile learning
   • Example: Mobile learning allows students to access educational content via smartphones and tablets, making learning more flexible and portable.
4. Adaptive learning technologies
   • Example: Adaptive learning technologies adjust educational content based on a student’s learning pace and performance, ensuring personalized learning.
5. Cloud-based education
   • Example: Cloud-based education systems enable students to access their learning materials and collaborate with peers from anywhere in the world.

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38. Environmental Protection

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Pollution
   • Example: Pollution from factories and vehicles is harming the environment.
2. Environment
   • Example: Protecting the environment is essential for the well-being of future generations.
3. Waste
   • Example: Reducing waste is important to minimize harm to the environment.
4. Recycle
   • Example: Recycling plastic bottles can help reduce environmental damage.
5. Air
   • Example: Air pollution is a major issue in many cities, causing health problems.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Conservation
   • Example: Conservation efforts focus on protecting endangered species and preserving natural habitats.
2. Sustainability
   • Example: Sustainability aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
3. Climate change
   • Example: Climate change is caused by the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
4. Renewable energy
   • Example: Solar and wind energy are examples of renewable energy sources that have less impact on the environment.
5. Deforestation
   • Example: Deforestation leads to loss of biodiversity and contributes to global warming.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Carbon footprint
   • Example: Reducing our carbon footprint is essential to combat climate change and protect the planet.
2. Biodiversity
   • Example: Biodiversity is crucial for maintaining healthy ecosystems and the stability of natural environments.
3. Greenhouse gases
   • Example: Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, leading to global warming.
4. Environmental degradation
   • Example: Environmental degradation refers to the deterioration of the environment due to human activities such as pollution and deforestation.
5. Sustainable development
   • Example: Sustainable development practices focus on balancing economic growth with environmental protection.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Ecological footprint
   • Example: The ecological footprint measures the impact of human activity on the environment, such as the use of resources and waste production.
2. Circular economy
   • Example: A circular economy focuses on reusing and recycling materials to reduce waste and extend the lifespan of products.
3. Carbon neutrality
   • Example: Carbon neutrality is achieved when an individual or organization balances the amount of carbon they emit with an equivalent amount of carbon offset.
4. Climate resilience
   • Example: Climate resilience refers to the ability of communities and ecosystems to adapt to the impacts of climate change.
5. Conservation biology
   • Example: Conservation biology studies the preservation of biodiversity and the management of natural resources to protect endangered species.

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39. Healthcare

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Health
   • Example: Good health is essential for a happy and fulfilling life.
2. Doctor
   • Example: I visited the doctor to get a check-up and make sure I’m in good health.
3. Hospital
   • Example: The hospital provides treatment and care for people with medical conditions.
4. Medicine
   • Example: The doctor prescribed some medicine to help me recover from the flu.
5. Treatment
   • Example: The treatment for the patient’s illness was successful, and they are now recovering.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Healthcare system
   • Example: The healthcare system in many countries provides free or low-cost care to those in need.
2. Prevention
   • Example: Prevention of diseases through vaccinations is an important part of public health initiatives.
3. Well-being
   • Example: Mental and physical well-being are equally important for leading a healthy life.
4. Health insurance
   • Example: Health insurance helps cover medical expenses and makes healthcare more affordable.
5. Chronic illness
   • Example: Chronic illnesses, such as diabetes and heart disease, require ongoing medical attention and management.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Universal healthcare
   • Example: Universal healthcare systems provide health services to all citizens, regardless of income or employment status.
2. Public health
   • Example: Public health initiatives focus on improving the health of entire populations through preventive measures and education.
3. Healthcare access
   • Example: Access to healthcare is a fundamental right, but it can be limited by factors like location and cost.
4. Mental health
   • Example: Mental health care is just as important as physical health care for overall well-being.
5. Telemedicine
   • Example: Telemedicine allows patients to consult with healthcare providers remotely, using digital communication tools.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Biomedical research
   • Example: Biomedical research plays a crucial role in developing new treatments and understanding the causes of diseases.
2. Health disparities
   • Example: Health disparities exist when certain populations experience poorer health outcomes due to factors such as income, race, or geography.
3. Preventive healthcare
   • Example: Preventive healthcare focuses on disease prevention through vaccinations, screenings, and healthy lifestyle choices.
4. Global health
   • Example: Global health issues, such as pandemics and access to clean water, require international cooperation to address effectively.
5. Universal health coverage
   • Example: Universal health coverage ensures that all individuals have access to necessary medical services without financial hardship.

40. Poverty & Social Inequality

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Poor
   • Example: Many poor people struggle to afford basic necessities like food and shelter.
2. Rich
   • Example: The rich often have access to better healthcare and education.
3. Money
   • Example: People without enough money can experience difficulties in their daily lives.
4. Help
   • Example: Charities provide help to those living in poverty and facing hardship.
5. Homeless
   • Example: Homeless people often face discrimination and lack access to basic services.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Income
   • Example: Income inequality is a growing issue in many countries, with the gap between the rich and poor widening.
2. Inequality
   • Example: Social inequality leads to unequal opportunities for education, employment, and healthcare.
3. Poverty line
   • Example: The poverty line is the threshold below which a person cannot afford the basic necessities of life.
4. Social welfare
   • Example: Social welfare programs provide financial support to families and individuals in need.
5. Discrimination
   • Example: Discrimination based on socioeconomic status can limit access to opportunities and resources.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Wealth disparity
   • Example: Wealth disparity refers to the unequal distribution of wealth among individuals or groups in society.
2. Economic mobility
   • Example: Economic mobility is the ability of individuals to move up or down the economic ladder based on their income and opportunities.
3. Social mobility
   • Example: Social mobility is essential for a fair society, where people can improve their living standards regardless of their background.
4. Basic needs
   • Example: Access to food, water, and healthcare are basic needs that should be guaranteed for every individual in society.
5. Social safety net
   • Example: A social safety net includes government programs like unemployment insurance, health care, and housing support for low-income families.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Income inequality
   • Example: Income inequality has far-reaching consequences, including limited access to education, healthcare, and affordable housing for the poor.
2. Human poverty
   • Example: Human poverty refers to the multidimensional nature of poverty, which includes the lack of access to education, health services, and social opportunities.
3. Economic injustice
   • Example: Economic injustice occurs when individuals or groups are unfairly denied access to wealth-building opportunities, leading to long-term inequality.
4. Exclusionary policies
   • Example: Exclusionary policies prevent marginalized groups, such as the poor or minorities, from accessing opportunities and services, exacerbating social inequality.
5. Wealth redistribution
   • Example: Wealth redistribution is the process of addressing inequality by redistributing wealth from the rich to the poor through taxation or welfare programs.

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41. Tourism

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Travel
   • Example: I love to travel and explore new places around the world.
2. Tourist
   • Example: Tourists often visit famous landmarks and enjoy local culture when traveling to a new country.
3. Vacation
   • Example: Many people take a vacation during the summer to relax and recharge.
4. Holiday
   • Example: My family goes on holiday every year to the beach for a week.
5. Hotel
   • Example: The hotel offers comfortable rooms and a swimming pool for guests to enjoy.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Sightseeing
   • Example: Sightseeing tours are a popular way for tourists to visit the main attractions in a city.
2. Accommodation
   • Example: Hotels, hostels, and guesthouses are common forms of accommodation for tourists.
3. Attraction
   • Example: The Eiffel Tower is one of the most famous tourist attractions in the world.
4. Itinerary
   • Example: The itinerary for the trip included visits to museums, parks, and historic sites.
5. Excursion
   • Example: A guided excursion through the national park offers tourists a chance to explore nature and wildlife.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Cultural tourism
   • Example: Cultural tourism focuses on exploring the history, art, and traditions of a particular place.
2. Ecotourism
   • Example: Ecotourism promotes sustainable travel that protects the environment and benefits local communities.
3. Adventure tourism
   • Example: Adventure tourism includes activities like hiking, mountaineering, and rafting for those seeking a thrilling experience.
4. Tourism industry
   • Example: The tourism industry plays a vital role in the global economy, providing millions of jobs worldwide.
5. Sustainable tourism
   • Example: Sustainable tourism aims to reduce the environmental impact of travel while ensuring that local communities benefit from tourism.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Mass tourism
   • Example: Mass tourism refers to large numbers of people visiting popular destinations, often leading to overcrowding and environmental degradation.
2. Tourist trap
   • Example: Tourist traps are overpriced attractions that lure visitors but fail to offer meaningful cultural experiences.
3. Responsible tourism
   • Example: Responsible tourism emphasizes minimizing negative impacts on the environment and respecting local cultures while traveling.
4. Cultural appropriation
   • Example: Cultural appropriation occurs when tourists or businesses adopt elements of local cultures in a disrespectful or exploitative manner.
5. Overtourism
   • Example: Overtourism has led to environmental harm and the destruction of cultural heritage sites due to excessive visitor numbers.

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42. Food Security

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Food
   • Example: Food is essential for survival, and everyone should have access to enough to eat.
2. Farm
   • Example: The farm produces a variety of fruits and vegetables to supply the local market.
3. Hunger
   • Example: Hunger is a significant problem in many parts of the world, especially in developing countries.
4. Food supply
   • Example: The food supply must be managed to ensure that everyone has enough to eat.
5. Malnutrition
   • Example: Malnutrition occurs when people do not get the necessary nutrients from their diet.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Food insecurity
   • Example: Food insecurity is a growing issue in many countries, where people lack access to affordable, nutritious food.
2. Agriculture
   • Example: Agriculture plays a key role in providing food for the global population.
3. Sustainability
   • Example: Sustainable farming practices are necessary to ensure a stable and long-term food supply.
4. Nutrition
   • Example: Proper nutrition is essential for maintaining health and preventing diseases.
5. Food distribution
   • Example: Efficient food distribution systems are necessary to ensure food reaches those in need, particularly in times of crisis.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Food security policies
   • Example: Governments implement food security policies to ensure that all citizens have reliable access to affordable, nutritious food.
2. Agricultural innovation
   • Example: Agricultural innovation, such as genetically modified crops, can help increase food production and address shortages.
3. Global food crisis
   • Example: The global food crisis is caused by factors like climate change, conflict, and poor economic conditions that limit access to food.
4. Food waste
   • Example: Reducing food waste is a crucial step in addressing food insecurity and protecting the environment.
5. Local food systems
   • Example: Local food systems help reduce reliance on imported goods, creating more sustainable and resilient communities.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Food sovereignty
   • Example: Food sovereignty is the right of people and communities to control their own food systems and access healthy, culturally appropriate food.
2. Agroecology
   • Example: Agroecology promotes sustainable farming practices that work in harmony with nature and improve food security for communities.
3. Climate-smart agriculture
   • Example: Climate-smart agriculture involves practices that increase productivity while minimizing environmental damage and adapting to changing climate conditions.
4. Food redistribution
   • Example: Food redistribution programs help divert surplus food to those in need, reducing food waste and hunger at the same time.
5. Zero hunger
   • Example: The United Nations has set a goal of achieving zero hunger by 2030, ensuring that no one is left behind in accessing adequate food.

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43. Urbanization

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. City
   • Example: The city has grown rapidly in recent years, with new buildings and infrastructure being developed.
2. Building
   • Example: Tall buildings dominate the city skyline, providing space for businesses and apartments.
3. Street
   • Example: The street was crowded with people, cars, and buses during rush hour.
4. House
   • Example: Many people are moving from rural areas to live in the city in search of better opportunities.
5. Traffic
   • Example: Traffic jams are a common problem in large cities, causing delays and frustration.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Suburb
   • Example: Many families choose to live in the suburbs, where there is more space and a quieter environment.
2. Urban sprawl
   • Example: Urban sprawl leads to the expansion of cities into surrounding rural areas, often contributing to environmental problems.
3. Public transport
   • Example: Public transport systems are essential in large cities to reduce congestion and pollution.
4. Housing
   • Example: Housing shortages in urban areas are driving up property prices and rents.
5. Infrastructure
   • Example: Urban areas require well-developed infrastructure, such as roads, schools, and hospitals, to support a growing population.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Smart city
   • Example: A smart city uses technology to manage resources efficiently and improve the quality of life for its residents.
2. Urbanization
   • Example: Urbanization is the process of people moving from rural areas to cities in search of better living standards and job opportunities.
3. Sustainable urban development
   • Example: Sustainable urban development focuses on building cities that are environmentally responsible and able to meet future needs.
4. Green spaces
   • Example: Green spaces in urban areas, such as parks and gardens, are essential for the well-being of residents.
5. Affordable housing
   • Example: Affordable housing initiatives are necessary to ensure that low-income families can live comfortably in urban areas.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Urban regeneration
   • Example: Urban regeneration involves revitalizing old, neglected areas of cities to improve living conditions and stimulate economic growth.
2. Mixed-use development
   • Example: Mixed-use development combines residential, commercial, and recreational spaces to create more vibrant, sustainable urban areas.
3. Overcrowding
   • Example: Overcrowding in cities can lead to a range of social and environmental issues, such as pollution and lack of affordable housing.
4. Public-private partnerships
   • Example: Public-private partnerships are often used in urban development projects to combine government resources with private sector expertise.
5. Vertical farming
   • Example: Vertical farming is an innovative solution to urban food production, allowing crops to be grown in high-rise buildings within city environments.

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44. Employment & Unemployment

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Job
   • Example: He was looking for a job after finishing his studies.
2. Work
   • Example: Work is a part of daily life, and most people work to earn a living.
3. Unemployment
   • Example: Unemployment can cause financial stress and social instability.
4. Salary
   • Example: A higher salary is one of the reasons people seek better job opportunities.
5. Office
   • Example: I work in an office that provides excellent benefits and a comfortable work environment.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Job market
   • Example: The job market is competitive, and applicants need to have specialized skills to stand out.
2. Labor force
   • Example: The labor force consists of all the people who are employed or actively seeking employment.
3. Part-time work
   • Example: Part-time work is often chosen by students or individuals seeking more flexibility in their schedule.
4. Freelance
   • Example: Freelance workers are self-employed and typically take on temporary projects for different clients.
5. Job satisfaction
   • Example: Job satisfaction is an important factor in employee retention and motivation.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Employment opportunities
   • Example: Employment opportunities are influenced by economic conditions and the demand for certain skills in the job market.
2. Underemployment
   • Example: Underemployment occurs when workers are employed in jobs that do not fully utilize their skills and qualifications.
3. Vocational training
   • Example: Vocational training programs equip individuals with the skills needed for specific trades or professions.
4. Job creation
   • Example: Governments often implement policies that encourage job creation to reduce unemployment and stimulate economic growth.
5. Workforce diversity
   • Example: Workforce diversity promotes inclusivity and the exchange of ideas by bringing together people from different backgrounds.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Unemployment rate
   • Example: The unemployment rate is an important economic indicator, reflecting the proportion of people who are actively seeking work but unable to find it.
2. Skills gap
   • Example: The skills gap refers to the difference between the skills employers require and those possessed by available workers.
3. Youth unemployment
   • Example: Youth unemployment is a growing concern in many countries, as young people struggle to find stable jobs after finishing their education.
4. Gig economy
   • Example: The gig economy refers to short-term, flexible jobs that are typically facilitated by online platforms such as Uber or TaskRabbit.
5. Labor rights
   • Example: Labor rights protect workers from exploitation, ensuring fair wages, safe working conditions, and reasonable hours.

45. Globalization

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. World
   • Example: The world has become more connected due to advancements in communication technology.
2. Trade
   • Example: Trade between countries helps boost their economies and create jobs.
3. Country
   • Example: Each country has its own unique culture and customs.
4. International
   • Example: International companies often have branches in multiple countries to reach a wider market.
5. Global
   • Example: Global travel has become easier and more affordable for many people.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Globalization
   • Example: Globalization has led to more interconnected economies and cultures across the world.
2. Market
   • Example: Expanding into the international market is a common strategy for businesses looking to grow.
3. Multinational
   • Example: Multinational companies operate in various countries and contribute to global trade and employment.
4. Cultural exchange
   • Example: Cultural exchange programs allow people from different countries to learn from each other and share their traditions.
5. Interconnected
   • Example: Globalization has made the world more interconnected, with economic and cultural ties between nations growing stronger.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Economic integration
   • Example: Economic integration involves countries reducing trade barriers and fostering closer economic ties through agreements such as free trade agreements.
2. Cultural homogenization
   • Example: Cultural homogenization refers to the process by which local cultures become more similar due to global influences like mass media and consumer products.
3. Transnational corporations
   • Example: Transnational corporations often have operations in several countries, making them powerful players in the global economy.
4. Cross-cultural communication
   • Example: Cross-cultural communication skills are important for individuals working in multinational organizations to understand and respect different cultural norms.
5. Global economy
   • Example: The global economy has become increasingly interdependent, with economic changes in one region affecting markets worldwide.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Global workforce
   • Example: The global workforce is increasingly diverse, with workers from various countries collaborating on projects and contributing to innovation.
2. Cultural imperialism
   • Example: Cultural imperialism occurs when a dominant culture imposes its values and practices on other cultures, often leading to the loss of cultural diversity.
3. Trade liberalization
   • Example: Trade liberalization involves reducing tariffs and trade barriers to promote the free flow of goods and services between countries.
4. Economic disparity
   • Example: Economic disparity between developed and developing countries remains a significant issue, with wealth and resources being unevenly distributed.
5. Global governance
   • Example: Global governance refers to the cooperation between countries and international organizations to address global challenges like climate change, conflict, and human rights violations.

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46. Technology & Innovation

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Computer
   • Example: Computers are essential tools for both personal and professional tasks.
2. Internet
   • Example: The internet has revolutionized communication and information sharing around the world.
3. Phone
   • Example: Smartphones are widely used for communication, entertainment, and work-related activities.
4. Technology
   • Example: Technology has made life more convenient, with gadgets and apps providing solutions for everyday tasks.
5. Software
   • Example: The software allows users to perform complex calculations and manage data efficiently.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Innovation
   • Example: Innovation drives progress in fields like healthcare, transportation, and communication.
2. Artificial intelligence (AI)
   • Example: Artificial intelligence is being used in various industries, including healthcare and finance, to improve efficiency and decision-making.
3. Automation
   • Example: Automation is increasingly used in manufacturing to reduce labor costs and increase productivity.
4. Digitalization
   • Example: Digitalization refers to the integration of digital technologies into all aspects of business and society.
5. Gadget
   • Example: Many people use gadgets like tablets and smartwatches to stay connected and manage their daily tasks.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Breakthrough
   • Example: The latest scientific breakthrough in cancer research could lead to more effective treatments.
2. Smart technology
   • Example: Smart technology, such as smart homes and wearable devices, is transforming how we live and work.
3. Nanotechnology
   • Example: Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the atomic level to create new materials and devices.
4. Blockchain
   • Example: Blockchain technology is being used in finance and healthcare to ensure secure and transparent transactions.
5. Tech-savvy
   • Example: In today’s world, it is important to be tech-savvy to navigate through modern challenges and opportunities.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Disruptive innovation
   • Example: Disruptive innovation changes existing markets by introducing new products or services that make traditional ones obsolete.
2. Cybersecurity
   • Example: Cybersecurity is essential for protecting sensitive data from online threats such as hacking and identity theft.
3. Quantum computing
   • Example: Quantum computing is an emerging field that promises to revolutionize problem-solving capabilities in industries like cryptography and artificial intelligence.
4. Internet of Things (IoT)
   • Example: The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the connection of everyday objects to the internet, allowing them to send and receive data.
5. Augmented reality (AR)
   • Example: Augmented reality (AR) is being used in industries such as education, retail, and entertainment to create immersive experiences.

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47. Housing & Urbanization

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. House
   • Example: They bought a new house in the city and moved in last week.
2. Apartment
   • Example: Many people live in apartments in the city because they are more affordable than houses.
3. Street
   • Example: The street is lined with shops, restaurants, and cafes, making it a popular area for tourists.
4. Building
   • Example: New buildings are being constructed in the city center to accommodate the growing population.
5. City
   • Example: The city is known for its high-rise buildings and busy streets.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Suburb
   • Example: Many families choose to live in the suburbs for more space and a quieter environment.
2. Housing market
   • Example: The housing market has seen a rise in property prices due to increased demand in urban areas.
3. Urban sprawl
   • Example: Urban sprawl refers to the uncontrolled expansion of cities into surrounding rural areas.
4. Public transport
   • Example: Public transport systems, like buses and trains, help reduce traffic congestion in busy cities.
5. Affordable housing
   • Example: Affordable housing programs aim to help low-income families find suitable homes at reasonable prices.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Urbanization
   • Example: Urbanization is the process of people moving from rural areas to cities in search of better job opportunities and living standards.
2. Overcrowding
   • Example: Overcrowding in cities can lead to problems such as higher crime rates and insufficient public services.
3. Sustainable development
   • Example: Sustainable development in housing focuses on building homes that are eco-friendly and energy-efficient.
4. Green spaces
   • Example: Green spaces in urban areas, such as parks and gardens, are essential for the well-being of residents.
5. Gentrification
   • Example: Gentrification is the process of transforming urban neighborhoods, often displacing lower-income residents with higher-income ones.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Smart city
   • Example: A smart city uses technology to improve efficiency, reduce pollution, and enhance the quality of life for its residents.
2. Mixed-use development
   • Example: Mixed-use development combines residential, commercial, and recreational spaces to create vibrant and sustainable urban areas.
3. Affordable housing crisis
   • Example: The affordable housing crisis is causing many low-income families to struggle with finding suitable and affordable living spaces.
4. Urban regeneration
   • Example: Urban regeneration aims to revitalize neglected parts of a city, making them more livable and economically viable.
5. Sustainable architecture
   • Example: Sustainable architecture uses environmentally friendly materials and energy-efficient designs to reduce the environmental impact of buildings.

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48. Waste Management

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Waste
   • Example: Waste disposal is an important issue that affects both the environment and public health.
2. Recycle
   • Example: Recycling reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills and helps conserve resources.
3. Garbage
   • Example: Garbage should be disposed of properly to avoid environmental damage and pollution.
4. Trash
   • Example: People often throw trash in the streets, which contributes to pollution and harm to wildlife.
5. Landfill
   • Example: Landfills are used to store waste that cannot be recycled or reused.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Waste management
   • Example: Effective waste management is essential for reducing pollution and promoting sustainability.
2. Composting
   • Example: Composting is a natural process of recycling organic waste into nutrient-rich soil.
3. Incineration
   • Example: Incineration is a method of waste disposal where waste is burned at high temperatures to reduce volume.
4. Plastic waste
   • Example: Plastic waste is a growing problem, as it takes hundreds of years to decompose and can harm marine life.
5. Recycling plant
   • Example: A recycling plant processes materials like paper, metal, and plastic to be reused in manufacturing.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Zero waste
   • Example: Zero waste initiatives aim to eliminate all forms of waste by promoting reusability, recycling, and composting.
2. Circular economy
   • Example: The circular economy focuses on reducing waste and reusing materials in a closed-loop system to minimize environmental impact.
3. E-waste
   • Example: E-waste refers to discarded electronic devices, such as phones and computers, that must be recycled properly to prevent pollution.
4. Waste-to-energy
   • Example: Waste-to-energy technology converts non-recyclable waste into energy, providing a sustainable alternative to traditional waste disposal methods.
5. Environmental impact
   • Example: The environmental impact of waste is significant, as it contributes to pollution, climate change, and habitat destruction.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Waste diversion
   • Example: Waste diversion involves redirecting waste from landfills to recycling and composting facilities, reducing its environmental impact.
2. Sustainable waste management
   • Example: Sustainable waste management practices include reducing, reusing, and recycling materials to minimize the amount of waste that ends up in landfills.
3. Upcycling
   • Example: Upcycling is the process of transforming waste materials into new, higher-quality products, reducing the need for raw resources.
4. Resource recovery
   • Example: Resource recovery focuses on extracting valuable materials from waste to be reused in the production of new products.
5. Extended producer responsibility
   • Example: Extended producer responsibility requires manufacturers to take responsibility for the entire lifecycle of their products, including their disposal and recycling.

49. Science & Technology

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Science
   • Example: Science helps us understand the world around us and find solutions to problems.
2. Technology
   • Example: Technology has made life easier by improving communication and making tasks more efficient.
3. Device
   • Example: People use electronic devices like smartphones and laptops to complete various tasks.
4. Machine
   • Example: Machines are used in industries to produce goods more quickly and efficiently.
5. Experiment
   • Example: The scientist conducted an experiment to see the effects of the new medicine.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Innovation
   • Example: Innovation in medicine has led to the development of new treatments and therapies.
2. Invention
   • Example: The invention of the lightbulb changed the way people live and work.
3. Artificial intelligence
   • Example: Artificial intelligence is used in various industries, such as healthcare, to help improve efficiency and decision-making.
4. Robotics
   • Example: Robotics technology is being used in manufacturing to automate repetitive tasks and increase production.
5. Discovery
   • Example: The discovery of penicillin revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Biotechnology
   • Example: Biotechnology is used in agriculture to develop crops that are resistant to pests and diseases.
2. Nanotechnology
   • Example: Nanotechnology involves manipulating materials at the molecular level to create new materials with unique properties.
3. Cybersecurity
   • Example: Cybersecurity is essential for protecting sensitive data from being hacked or stolen online.
4. Quantum computing
   • Example: Quantum computing is an emerging technology that promises to solve complex problems much faster than traditional computers.
5. Gene editing
   • Example: Gene editing technology allows scientists to modify DNA, potentially curing genetic diseases.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Genomic sequencing
   • Example: Genomic sequencing has allowed researchers to map the entire human genome, paving the way for personalized medicine.
2. Space exploration
   • Example: Space exploration has expanded our understanding of the universe and our place in it, including the search for extraterrestrial life.
3. Clean energy
   • Example: Clean energy sources, such as wind and solar power, are essential for reducing our dependence on fossil fuels.
4. Robotic automation
   • Example: Robotic automation is transforming industries like manufacturing and healthcare by replacing human labor with precise and efficient machines.
5. Artificial general intelligence (AGI)
   • Example: Artificial general intelligence (AGI) refers to machines that can perform any intellectual task that a human being can, potentially transforming all industries.

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50. Environmental Protection

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Pollution
   • Example: Pollution from factories and cars is harming the environment and causing health problems.
2. Environment
   • Example: Protecting the environment is essential to ensure that future generations can enjoy a healthy planet.
3. Greenhouse gases
   • Example: Greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide, trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, contributing to global warming.
4. Waste
   • Example: Reducing waste by recycling helps to protect the environment.
5. Deforestation
   • Example: Deforestation is causing the loss of wildlife habitats and contributing to climate change.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Sustainability
   • Example: Sustainability is the key to protecting our planet’s resources for future generations.
2. Recycling
   • Example: Recycling is an important process that helps reduce waste and conserve natural resources.
3. Conservation
   • Example: Conservation efforts aim to preserve endangered species and protect natural ecosystems from destruction.
4. Carbon footprint
   • Example: Reducing our carbon footprint can help mitigate the effects of climate change.
5. Renewable energy
   • Example: Solar and wind power are examples of renewable energy sources that can help reduce dependence on fossil fuels.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Climate change
   • Example: Climate change is a global challenge that affects weather patterns, sea levels, and ecosystems around the world.
2. Ecological footprint
   • Example: The ecological footprint measures the impact of human activity on the environment, including resource consumption and waste production.
3. Biodiversity
   • Example: Biodiversity is essential for maintaining healthy ecosystems and ensuring the survival of species on Earth.
4. Environmental degradation
   • Example: Environmental degradation, such as pollution and deforestation, threatens the health of the planet.
5. Green technology
   • Example: Green technology focuses on creating environmentally friendly products and processes that minimize harm to the environment.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Sustainable development
   • Example: Sustainable development seeks to balance economic growth with environmental protection, ensuring that resources are available for future generations.
2. Carbon emissions
   • Example: Reducing carbon emissions is critical to combating global warming and preventing further damage to the environment.
3. Climate resilience
   • Example: Climate resilience refers to the ability of communities and ecosystems to adapt to and recover from the impacts of climate change.
4. Eco-friendly
   • Example: Eco-friendly products are designed to have minimal impact on the environment, using sustainable materials and energy-efficient production methods.
5. Circular economy
   • Example: The circular economy emphasizes the reuse and recycling of materials to reduce waste and environmental harm.

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51. Media & Advertising

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Advertise
   • Example: Companies advertise their products on TV and social media to reach a wide audience.
2. Product
   • Example: The product is a new smartphone that has many advanced features.
3. Commercial
   • Example: The commercial on TV showed a new type of car with a special discount.
4. Magazine
   • Example: She reads a fashion magazine to stay updated on the latest trends.
5. Newspaper
   • Example: The newspaper provides the latest news about current events and politics.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Brand
   • Example: Building a strong brand identity is essential for businesses to succeed in competitive markets.
2. Target audience
   • Example: Advertisers must identify their target audience to create effective marketing campaigns.
3. Endorsement
   • Example: Celebrity endorsements are commonly used in advertising to influence consumer purchasing decisions.
4. Campaign
   • Example: The advertising campaign for the new phone focused on its innovative features and design.
5. Promotion
   • Example: Companies use promotions, such as discounts and limited-time offers, to attract customers and increase sales.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Consumer behavior
   • Example: Understanding consumer behavior helps companies tailor their marketing strategies to meet customer needs and preferences.
2. Social media marketing
   • Example: Social media marketing is becoming increasingly popular, as platforms like Instagram and Facebook provide direct access to large audiences.
3. Target market
   • Example: A company must identify its target market to ensure that its product is appealing to the right group of consumers.
4. Sponsorship
   • Example: Sponsorship involves companies supporting events or athletes in exchange for advertising opportunities.
5. Advertising strategy
   • Example: A successful advertising strategy involves creating a memorable message that resonates with the target audience and encourages them to take action.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Digital advertising
   • Example: Digital advertising allows companies to reach consumers through online platforms like Google, Facebook, and YouTube.
2. Consumer psychology
   • Example: Consumer psychology helps marketers understand how emotions, perceptions, and attitudes influence purchasing decisions.
3. Viral marketing
   • Example: Viral marketing strategies encourage consumers to share content, allowing it to spread rapidly across social media and increase brand visibility.
4. Product placement
   • Example: Product placement involves featuring a brand or product in movies or TV shows to subtly promote it to viewers.
5. Native advertising
   • Example: Native advertising blends promotional content with regular content on websites and social media, making it less intrusive and more engaging for audiences.

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52. Gender Equality

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Gender
   • Example: Gender equality is the belief that men and women should have the same rights and opportunities.
2. Men
   • Example: Men and women should be treated equally in all aspects of life.
3. Women
   • Example: Women have fought for equal rights in many areas, including the workplace and education.
4. Equal
   • Example: Equal opportunities should be provided to all individuals, regardless of their gender.
5. Rights
   • Example: Gender equality involves ensuring that everyone has equal rights under the law.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Discrimination
   • Example: Discrimination based on gender can limit people’s opportunities and hinder their success.
2. Empowerment
   • Example: Gender empowerment allows women to take control of their lives and make decisions about their careers, families, and communities.
3. Sexism
   • Example: Sexism refers to discrimination based on gender, often resulting in unequal treatment of women.
4. Equality
   • Example: Gender equality is essential for a fair society, where everyone has equal access to opportunities and resources.
5. Stereotype
   • Example: Gender stereotypes often restrict individuals from pursuing careers or activities that are not traditionally associated with their gender.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Feminism
   • Example: Feminism advocates for gender equality and the rights of women in all aspects of life.
2. Gender roles
   • Example: Gender roles are social and cultural expectations regarding the behavior and responsibilities of men and women.
3. Affirmative action
   • Example: Affirmative action policies are designed to address past gender inequalities by promoting equal representation and opportunities in the workplace and education.
4. Workplace discrimination
   • Example: Workplace discrimination can occur when individuals are treated unfairly due to their gender, affecting their career advancement and job satisfaction.
5. Women’s empowerment
   • Example: Women’s empowerment programs aim to increase women’s participation in politics, business, and education.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Patriarchy
   • Example: Patriarchy refers to a societal system in which men hold the majority of power and influence, often leading to gender inequality.
2. Intersectionality
   • Example: Intersectionality explores how different aspects of a person’s identity, such as gender, race, and class, intersect and contribute to unique experiences of discrimination or privilege.
3. Glass ceiling
   • Example: The glass ceiling refers to the invisible barriers that prevent women from reaching top leadership positions in organizations.
4. Gender pay gap
   • Example: The gender pay gap is the difference in earnings between men and women, with women often earning less for the same work.
5. Gender-based violence
   • Example: Gender-based violence includes any harm or abuse directed at someone based on their gender, often affecting women and girls disproportionately.

53. Environmental Issues

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Pollution
   • Example: Pollution from factories harms the environment and causes health problems.
2. Waste
   • Example: Reducing waste is important to protect the environment.
3. Air
   • Example: The air quality in the city is poor due to the high number of vehicles.
4. Water
   • Example: Clean water is essential for the survival of humans, animals, and plants.
5. Land
   • Example: Landfills are areas where waste is dumped, which can lead to environmental harm.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Climate change
   • Example: Climate change is causing temperatures to rise, leading to more extreme weather events.
2. Deforestation
   • Example: Deforestation is a major environmental problem, contributing to the loss of biodiversity and carbon emissions.
3. Natural resources
   • Example: The depletion of natural resources, such as fossil fuels and water, is a growing concern.
4. Sustainability
   • Example: Sustainability refers to using resources in a way that does not deplete them for future generations.
5. Conservation
   • Example: Wildlife conservation helps protect endangered species and maintain natural ecosystems.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Carbon footprint
   • Example: Reducing our carbon footprint is essential to mitigate the effects of climate change.
2. Greenhouse gases
   • Example: Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, trap heat in the atmosphere and contribute to global warming.
3. Ecosystem
   • Example: Protecting ecosystems is important for maintaining biodiversity and supporting human life.
4. Renewable energy
   • Example: Solar and wind power are examples of renewable energy sources that are environmentally friendly.
5. Environmental degradation
   • Example: Environmental degradation refers to the deterioration of natural resources and ecosystems due to human activity.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Sustainable development
   • Example: Sustainable development seeks to meet current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
2. Biodiversity
   • Example: Biodiversity is essential for maintaining the balance of ecosystems and the survival of species.
3. Carbon emissions
   • Example: Reducing carbon emissions is vital in combating climate change and improving air quality.
4. Ecological footprint
   • Example: The ecological footprint measures the impact of human activity on the environment, including the use of natural resources and waste production.
5. Environmental policy
   • Example: Governments around the world are creating environmental policies to reduce pollution and promote sustainability.

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54. Family & Parenting

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Family
   • Example: Family is an important source of support and love for individuals.
2. Parents
   • Example: Parents often play a key role in shaping their children’s values and behavior.
3. Children
   • Example: Children need guidance and support from their parents to grow up healthy and happy.
4. Mother
   • Example: A mother provides care and protection for her children.
5. Father
   • Example: Fathers are important role models for their children, teaching them life skills and values.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Parenting
   • Example: Effective parenting involves providing children with both emotional and practical support to help them succeed.
2. Childhood
   • Example: Childhood is an important stage in life where children develop emotionally and socially.
3. Single parent
   • Example: Being a single parent can be challenging, but many parents manage to provide for their children successfully.
4. Family dynamics
   • Example: Family dynamics can change when new members are added to the family or when family members face difficulties.
5. Generational gap
   • Example: The generational gap between parents and children can lead to misunderstandings or conflicts over values and expectations.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Child development
   • Example: Early childhood development is crucial for shaping a child’s future emotional and intellectual well-being.
2. Parental responsibility
   • Example: Parental responsibility includes providing for a child’s physical, emotional, and educational needs.
3. Discipline
   • Example: Discipline is an important aspect of parenting, helping children learn right from wrong.
4. Family support system
   • Example: A strong family support system helps individuals cope with challenges and provides a sense of security.
5. Parent-child relationship
   • Example: A positive parent-child relationship is essential for emotional development and mental health.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Attachment parenting
   • Example: Attachment parenting emphasizes the importance of building a strong emotional bond between parents and their children from an early age.
2. Parental involvement
   • Example: Parental involvement in a child’s education can greatly enhance their academic performance and social development.
3. Work-life balance
   • Example: Achieving work-life balance is challenging for many parents, but it is essential for maintaining healthy family relationships.
4. Family resilience
   • Example: Family resilience refers to a family’s ability to withstand and overcome challenges, such as illness or financial difficulties.
5. Positive reinforcement
   • Example: Positive reinforcement involves rewarding good behavior to encourage children to repeat desirable actions.

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55. Sports

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Sport
   • Example: Football is a popular sport enjoyed by millions of people around the world.
2. Game
   • Example: We played a fun game of basketball with friends yesterday.
3. Team
   • Example: The team practiced hard to prepare for their upcoming match.
4. Exercise
   • Example: Regular exercise is important for maintaining good health and fitness.
5. Fitness
   • Example: Fitness is important not just for athletes but for everyone who wants to live a healthy lifestyle.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Competition
   • Example: The competition was intense, but our team managed to come out on top.
2. Athlete
   • Example: The athlete trains for hours each day to improve his performance in track and field events.
3. Olympics
   • Example: The Olympics is a global event where athletes from around the world compete in various sports.
4. Championship
   • Example: The championship game will decide which team is the best in the league this year.
5. Physical activity
   • Example: Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining a healthy body and mind.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Sportsmanship
   • Example: Sportsmanship is important in promoting fair play, respect for opponents, and maintaining a positive attitude during competition.
2. Endurance
   • Example: Endurance is essential for long-distance runners, who need to maintain their energy and pace throughout the race.
3. Recreational sports
   • Example: Recreational sports are enjoyable activities like tennis or swimming, which people play for fun rather than competition.
4. Team spirit
   • Example: Team spirit is crucial for creating a positive environment where players support each other and work toward common goals.
5. Professional athlete
   • Example: Professional athletes dedicate their lives to training and competing at the highest levels of their respective sports.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Extreme sports
   • Example: Extreme sports, such as skydiving and bungee jumping, appeal to people who seek thrilling and adrenaline-pumping experiences.
2. Sports psychology
   • Example: Sports psychology focuses on helping athletes improve their mental skills and handle stress or pressure during competitions.
3. Sports medicine
   • Example: Sports medicine deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of injuries related to athletic activities.
4. Sports diplomacy
   • Example: Sports diplomacy involves using sporting events to promote peace and foster cooperation between nations.
5. Physical education (PE)
   • Example: Physical education (PE) in schools encourages children to engage in physical activities and develop healthy lifestyles from a young age.

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56. Technology in Healthcare

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Medicine
   • Example: Medicine has improved significantly over the years, leading to longer life expectancies.
2. Doctor
   • Example: The doctor prescribed a new treatment to help with the patient’s illness.
3. Hospital
   • Example: The hospital provides emergency care for patients with serious injuries or illnesses.
4. Treatment
   • Example: The treatment was successful, and the patient’s health improved significantly.
5. Health
   • Example: Good health is important for leading a fulfilling life.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Medical technology
   • Example: Medical technology includes tools like MRI machines and pacemakers, which help doctors diagnose and treat patients.
2. Telemedicine
   • Example: Telemedicine allows patients to consult with doctors remotely, reducing the need for in-person visits.
3. Surgery
   • Example: The patient needed surgery to repair the damage caused by the accident.
4. Health monitoring
   • Example: Health monitoring devices, such as fitness trackers, help individuals keep track of their physical well-being.
5. Electronic health records (EHR)
   • Example: Electronic health records (EHR) are used to store patient information securely, making it easier for healthcare providers to access and share data.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Robotic surgery
   • Example: Robotic surgery allows surgeons to perform complex operations with greater precision and fewer risks for patients.
2. Medical imaging
   • Example: Medical imaging technologies, such as CT scans and X-rays, help doctors visualize the internal structure of the body.
3. Health apps
   • Example: Health apps enable individuals to track their diet, exercise, and medical conditions on their smartphones.
4. Wearable devices
   • Example: Wearable devices, like smartwatches, can monitor heart rate, steps, and other health metrics in real-time.
5. Personalized medicine
   • Example: Personalized medicine tailors treatments to individual patients based on their genetic makeup and medical history.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Artificial intelligence in healthcare
   • Example: Artificial intelligence in healthcare is being used to improve diagnosis, treatment planning, and drug discovery.
2. Genetic engineering
   • Example: Genetic engineering holds the potential to treat genetic disorders by modifying a patient’s DNA.
3. Precision medicine
   • Example: Precision medicine uses genetic data and other factors to provide highly targeted and effective treatments for individuals.
4. Biotechnology
   • Example: Biotechnology has revolutionized medicine by enabling the development of new vaccines, therapies, and diagnostic tools.
5. Health informatics
   • Example: Health informatics involves using technology to manage and analyze health data, improving decision-making and patient care.

57. Mental Health

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Stress
   • Example: Stress at work can negatively affect both your physical and mental health.
2. Anxiety
   • Example: Many people experience anxiety about their future or health.
3. Depression
   • Example: Depression is a common mental health disorder that can affect a person’s mood, thoughts, and behavior.
4. Therapy
   • Example: Therapy can be a helpful tool for managing mental health issues like anxiety or depression.
5. Mind
   • Example: Taking care of your mind is just as important as looking after your physical health.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Mental health
   • Example: Mental health is an important part of overall well-being, and it’s essential to address any issues early.
2. Well-being
   • Example: Good mental and emotional well-being helps people handle the stresses of daily life.
3. Psychologist
   • Example: A psychologist can help individuals understand and manage their thoughts and emotions.
4. Self-care
   • Example: Self-care includes activities like exercise, meditation, and taking time off to rest and recharge.
5. Burnout
   • Example: Burnout is a state of emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion caused by prolonged stress.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Mental illness
   • Example: Mental illness can be managed with proper treatment, including therapy and medication.
2. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
   • Example: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a common treatment for mental health conditions like depression and anxiety.
3. Psychiatrist
   • Example: A psychiatrist is a medical professional who diagnoses and treats mental health conditions using therapy and medication.
4. Emotional resilience
   • Example: Emotional resilience is the ability to cope with life’s challenges and bounce back from adversity.
5. Stress management
   • Example: Learning stress management techniques, such as mindfulness or time management, can reduce the negative effects of stress.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Psychological well-being
   • Example: Psychological well-being refers to the overall mental state of an individual, including their ability to cope with challenges and experience positive emotions.
2. Mental health stigma
   • Example: Mental health stigma prevents many individuals from seeking help due to fear of judgment or discrimination.
3. Mindfulness-based therapy
   • Example: Mindfulness-based therapy focuses on helping individuals become aware of their thoughts and feelings in a non-judgmental way to reduce stress and anxiety.
4. Mental health advocacy
   • Example: Mental health advocacy promotes awareness and understanding of mental health issues, encouraging individuals to seek help and support.
5. Neuroplasticity
   • Example: Neuroplasticity refers to the brain’s ability to reorganize itself, which is important in recovery from mental health conditions like trauma or depression.

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58. Immigration

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Immigrant
   • Example: An immigrant moves to a new country in search of better opportunities or safety.
2. Country
   • Example: People from different countries often move abroad for work or education.
3. Visa
   • Example: A visa is required for many immigrants to legally enter and stay in a new country.
4. Job
   • Example: Immigrants often move to another country to find a job or improve their living standards.
5. Family
   • Example: Many immigrants bring their families with them when they move to a new country.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Refugee
   • Example: A refugee is someone who flees their home country due to war or persecution and seeks asylum in another country.
2. Citizenship
   • Example: Gaining citizenship in a new country provides immigrants with the right to live and work there legally.
3. Asylum
   • Example: People seeking asylum hope to find protection from danger in their home country by moving to a safer country.
4. Emigration
   • Example: Emigration from rural areas to cities has increased in many developing countries due to the search for better employment opportunities.
5. Integration
   • Example: Immigrants need support to integrate into their new communities, learning the language and adjusting to cultural norms.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Immigration policy
   • Example: Immigration policies determine how many people are allowed to enter and stay in a country each year.
2. Border control
   • Example: Border control measures are put in place to regulate who enters and leaves a country.
3. Expatriate
   • Example: An expatriate is someone who lives in a country other than their own, often for work or education purposes.
4. Undocumented immigration
   • Example: Undocumented immigration occurs when people enter or stay in a country without the proper legal documentation or approval.
5. Multicultural society
   • Example: A multicultural society is one that welcomes and celebrates people from various cultural and ethnic backgrounds.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Brain drain
   • Example: Brain drain occurs when highly skilled and educated individuals leave their home country for better opportunities elsewhere, often impacting the home country’s development.
2. Refugee crisis
   • Example: The refugee crisis is a global issue, with millions of people fleeing conflict zones and seeking safety in other countries.
3. Cultural assimilation
   • Example: Cultural assimilation is the process by which immigrants adopt the customs and practices of their new country while maintaining aspects of their own culture.
4. Diaspora
   • Example: The diaspora refers to people from a specific country or region who have settled in various parts of the world while maintaining ties to their homeland.
5. Immigration reform
   • Example: Immigration reform involves changing immigration laws and policies to address issues such as undocumented immigration and the rights of asylum seekers.

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59. Animal Rights

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Animal
   • Example: Animals are an important part of ecosystems and should be treated with respect.
2. Species
   • Example: Some animal species are at risk of extinction due to habitat loss and poaching.
3. Protect
   • Example: Many organizations work to protect endangered animals from extinction.
4. Zoo
   • Example: A zoo is a place where people can see a variety of animals from around the world.
5. Pets
   • Example: Many families keep pets, such as dogs and cats, for companionship.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Endangered species
   • Example: Endangered species are animals at risk of becoming extinct due to human activities or environmental changes.
2. Cruelty
   • Example: Animal cruelty, such as neglect or abuse, is a serious issue that needs to be addressed by society.
3. Conservation
   • Example: Conservation programs aim to protect wildlife and their habitats from destruction.
4. Habitat
   • Example: Deforestation is causing the destruction of animal habitats, which threatens many species.
5. Wildlife
   • Example: Wildlife conservation focuses on protecting animals in their natural habitats to ensure their survival.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Animal welfare
   • Example: Animal welfare organizations work to ensure that animals are treated humanely and ethically.
2. Animal rights activism
   • Example: Animal rights activism advocates for the protection of animals from exploitation and abuse in industries like farming and entertainment.
3. Exploitation
   • Example: Animal exploitation refers to the use of animals for entertainment, research, or products in ways that harm their well-being.
4. Captivity
   • Example: Animals in captivity, such as those in zoos and circuses, often suffer from poor living conditions and lack of freedom.
5. Endangered animals
   • Example: Efforts to protect endangered animals include establishing wildlife reserves and implementing anti-poaching laws.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Animal liberation
   • Example: Animal liberation movements advocate for the freedom and rights of animals, opposing practices such as factory farming and animal testing.
2. Species conservation
   • Example: Species conservation focuses on protecting and preserving the diversity of animal species to maintain ecological balance.
3. Ethical treatment of animals
   • Example: The ethical treatment of animals involves ensuring that animals are not harmed for human gain and that their rights are respected.
4. Factory farming
   • Example: Factory farming is criticized for its inhumane treatment of animals, who are kept in confined spaces and subjected to cruel practices.
5. Wildlife trafficking
   • Example: Wildlife trafficking is the illegal trade of animals and animal products, contributing to the decline of endangered species.

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60. Art & Culture

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Art
   • Example: Art is a way for people to express their emotions, ideas, and beliefs.
2. Painting
   • Example: The painting of a mountain landscape was on display at the gallery.
3. Museum
   • Example: The museum exhibits historical artifacts and famous works of art.
4. Music
   • Example: Music is often used to express feelings and can evoke strong emotional responses from listeners.
5. Dance
   • Example: Dance is a form of artistic expression that involves movement and rhythm.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Culture
   • Example: Culture is the shared customs, traditions, and beliefs of a particular group of people.
2. Theater
   • Example: The theater production was a great success, with a full house every night.
3. Literature
   • Example: Literature includes books, poems, and plays that reflect human experiences and creativity.
4. Sculpture
   • Example: The sculpture of a lion stood proudly in the center of the park.
5. Exhibition
   • Example: The art exhibition displayed the works of local artists and attracted a large crowd.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Cultural heritage
   • Example: Cultural heritage includes traditions, art, and historical landmarks that are passed down through generations.
2. Performance
   • Example: The performance was praised for its emotional depth and excellent acting.
3. Artistic expression
   • Example: Artistic expression allows individuals to convey their thoughts, emotions, and ideas creatively.
4. Masterpiece
   • Example: The Mona Lisa is considered one of the greatest masterpieces of Renaissance art.
5. Art movement
   • Example: The Impressionist movement revolutionized the way artists portrayed light and color in their paintings.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Avant-garde
   • Example: The avant-garde art movement challenged traditional notions of beauty and embraced experimentation and abstract forms.
2. Iconography
   • Example: Iconography refers to the symbolic meanings and images used in art to represent ideas or concepts.
3. Renaissance
   • Example: The Renaissance was a period of cultural rebirth that brought about advancements in art, science, and literature.
4. Cultural appropriation
   • Example: Cultural appropriation occurs when elements of one culture are borrowed by another in a way that disrespects or exploits the original culture.
5. Art gallery
   • Example: The art gallery hosted a stunning collection of modern and contemporary artworks from around the world.

61. Technology in Education

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. School
   • Example: Technology is increasingly being used in schools to support learning and teaching.
2. Computer
   • Example: Computers are essential tools for students to conduct research and complete assignments.
3. Online
   • Example: Many students now take online courses, allowing them to learn from anywhere.
4. Lesson
   • Example: The lesson was made more interesting by the use of interactive technology.
5. Teacher
   • Example: Teachers use technology to present lessons in engaging and interactive ways.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. E-learning
   • Example: E-learning platforms provide a flexible and accessible way for students to study at their own pace.
2. Digital tools
   • Example: Digital tools, such as apps and websites, enhance students’ learning experiences and support independent study.
3. Smartboard
   • Example: The teacher used a smartboard to display videos and interactive exercises during the lesson.
4. Virtual classroom
   • Example: Virtual classrooms enable students to attend lessons remotely, making education more accessible.
5. Technology integration
   • Example: Technology integration in classrooms helps students learn using multimedia resources such as videos, simulations, and online tools.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Blended learning
   • Example: Blended learning combines traditional face-to-face learning with online resources to create a more flexible educational experience.
2. Educational apps
   • Example: Educational apps are designed to make learning more engaging and interactive, helping students master new concepts.
3. Interactive learning
   • Example: Interactive learning methods, such as games and quizzes, allow students to actively participate in their education.
4. Online assessments
   • Example: Online assessments make it easier to evaluate students’ understanding of the material and provide instant feedback.
5. Digital literacy
   • Example: Digital literacy is crucial in today’s education system, as students need to understand how to use technology effectively and safely.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. EdTech (Educational Technology)
   • Example: EdTech is transforming education by providing new ways for students and teachers to interact, collaborate, and learn.
2. Artificial intelligence in education
   • Example: Artificial intelligence in education can personalize learning by adapting to the individual needs and progress of students.
3. Learning management systems (LMS)
   • Example: Learning management systems (LMS) help educators organize and deliver content, track student progress, and manage assignments and assessments.
4. Cloud-based learning
   • Example: Cloud-based learning platforms allow students to access their study materials from any device, making education more flexible and accessible.
5. Adaptive learning technology
   • Example: Adaptive learning technology adjusts the difficulty of tasks based on the student’s performance, ensuring a personalized learning experience.

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62. Crime & Punishment

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Crime
   • Example: Crime is a serious issue that affects people’s safety and security.
2. Law
   • Example: Laws are made to ensure that society operates fairly and safely for everyone.
3. Punishment
   • Example: The punishment for breaking the law should be fair and appropriate for the crime committed.
4. Jail
   • Example: People who commit serious crimes may be sent to jail for a certain period.
5. Police
   • Example: The police are responsible for maintaining law and order in the community.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Criminal
   • Example: The criminal was caught and sentenced to prison for his actions.
2. Justice
   • Example: The justice system ensures that criminals are held accountable for their actions in a fair and impartial manner.
3. Prison
   • Example: Prison is a place where criminals are sent to serve their sentences.
4. Rehabilitation
   • Example: Rehabilitation programs aim to help criminals reintegrate into society and prevent reoffending.
5. Victim
   • Example: The victim of the crime reported the incident to the authorities for investigation.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Recidivism
   • Example: Recidivism is the tendency of criminals to reoffend after serving their sentence.
2. Sentencing
   • Example: The judge determined the appropriate sentencing for the defendant based on the severity of the crime.
3. Juvenile crime
   • Example: Juvenile crime is a significant issue, and many believe early intervention programs can help reduce it.
4. Forensic science
   • Example: Forensic science is used to gather evidence from crime scenes, helping investigators solve crimes.
5. Deterrence
   • Example: Harsh punishments for crimes can act as a deterrent to prevent others from committing similar offenses.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Restorative justice
   • Example: Restorative justice aims to repair the harm caused by crime by involving both the offender and the victim in the process.
2. Criminal justice system
   • Example: The criminal justice system is designed to uphold laws, ensure fair trials, and administer appropriate punishment to criminals.
3. Rehabilitation programs
   • Example: Rehabilitation programs focus on helping offenders address the root causes of their criminal behavior and reintegrate into society.
4. Capital punishment
   • Example: Capital punishment is a controversial issue, with some advocating for its use as a deterrent, while others believe it is inhumane.
5. White-collar crime
   • Example: White-collar crime, such as fraud and embezzlement, is committed by individuals in positions of trust and authority.

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63. Public Health

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Health
   • Example: Good health is essential for living a long and fulfilling life.
2. Disease
   • Example: Diseases can spread quickly if proper hygiene and preventive measures are not followed.
3. Doctor
   • Example: Doctors provide medical care and help people recover from illnesses.
4. Hospital
   • Example: People go to the hospital to receive treatment for injuries or illnesses.
5. Medicine
   • Example: Medicine is used to treat diseases and relieve symptoms, helping people recover from illnesses.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Public health
   • Example: Public health initiatives focus on improving the health and well-being of the entire population through education and preventive measures.
2. Vaccination
   • Example: Vaccination programs have been successful in reducing the spread of diseases like polio and measles.
3. Nutrition
   • Example: Proper nutrition is essential for maintaining a healthy body and preventing chronic diseases.
4. Sanitation
   • Example: Access to clean water and proper sanitation is critical in preventing the spread of diseases.
5. Healthcare system
   • Example: A well-functioning healthcare system ensures that individuals have access to the medical care they need.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Epidemic
   • Example: An epidemic refers to the rapid spread of a disease within a specific region or population.
2. Chronic illness
   • Example: Chronic illnesses, such as diabetes and hypertension, require ongoing treatment and management.
3. Mental health
   • Example: Mental health is as important as physical health, and proper care should be provided to those suffering from mental health conditions.
4. Prevention
   • Example: Disease prevention measures, such as regular exercise and healthy eating, help reduce the risk of chronic conditions.
5. Health disparities
   • Example: Health disparities occur when certain populations face higher rates of illness or mortality due to factors such as income, access to healthcare, and education.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Universal healthcare
   • Example: Universal healthcare ensures that all individuals have access to medical services regardless of their financial situation.
2. Health promotion
   • Example: Health promotion focuses on encouraging individuals to adopt healthy lifestyles through education and public health campaigns.
3. Global health initiatives
   • Example: Global health initiatives aim to address health issues that affect populations worldwide, such as pandemics and malnutrition.
4. Public health policy
   • Example: Public health policy sets guidelines and regulations that aim to improve the overall health of the population.
5. Preventive healthcare
   • Example: Preventive healthcare emphasizes the importance of early detection and lifestyle changes to prevent diseases before they occur.

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64. Travel & Tourism

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Travel
   • Example: Traveling is a great way to experience different cultures and learn about the world.
2. Tourist
   • Example: Tourists often visit famous landmarks, museums, and cultural sites during their trips.
3. Holiday
   • Example: Many people take a holiday to relax and recharge, spending time with family or friends.
4. Hotel
   • Example: The hotel provides a comfortable room and various amenities for guests to enjoy during their stay.
5. Trip
   • Example: A short trip to the mountains is a perfect way to escape the hustle and bustle of the city.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Destination
   • Example: The destination for our summer vacation is a beautiful beach resort.
2. Excursion
   • Example: We took an excursion to explore the countryside and see the local wildlife.
3. Attraction
   • Example: The Great Wall of China is a major tourist attraction, drawing millions of visitors each year.
4. Accommodation
   • Example: There are various accommodation options for travelers, from luxury hotels to budget hostels.
5. Tourist destination
   • Example: Paris is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Cultural tourism
   • Example: Cultural tourism involves visiting destinations that offer a deep understanding of the history, art, and traditions of a place.
2. Eco-tourism
   • Example: Eco-tourism promotes environmentally sustainable travel practices that help protect natural areas and wildlife.
3. Travel agency
   • Example: A travel agency can help you plan your trip, including flights, accommodation, and activities.
4. Travel blog
   • Example: Many travelers create travel blogs to share their experiences and tips with others.
5. Local experiences
   • Example: Many tourists seek out local experiences, such as trying traditional food or visiting markets, to immerse themselves in the culture.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Tourism infrastructure
   • Example: Tourism infrastructure includes transportation systems, hotels, and attractions that support the travel industry and enhance the visitor experience.
2. Tourist footprint
   • Example: The tourist footprint refers to the environmental impact that tourism has on natural resources and local communities.
3. Sustainable tourism
   • Example: Sustainable tourism focuses on minimizing the negative impact of tourism on the environment and local communities while promoting economic growth.
4. Heritage tourism
   • Example: Heritage tourism involves visiting sites that are significant for their historical or cultural value, such as ancient ruins or UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
5. Adventure tourism
   • Example: Adventure tourism includes activities like hiking, mountaineering, and skydiving for travelers seeking thrills and excitement.

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65. Digital Economy

Band 5 Vocabulary

1. Internet
   • Example: The internet has transformed the way businesses operate and consumers shop.
2. Online
   • Example: Many people now buy products and services online instead of visiting physical stores.
3. E-commerce
   • Example: E-commerce allows businesses to sell products to customers worldwide via the internet.
4. Website
   • Example: Every business should have a website to increase its online presence and attract more customers.
5. Social media
   • Example: Social media platforms like Facebook and Instagram help businesses connect with potential customers.

Band 6 Vocabulary

1. Digital marketing
   • Example: Digital marketing strategies help businesses reach customers through online channels like social media and search engines.
2. Online payment
   • Example: Online payment systems make it easier for customers to buy products from e-commerce websites using credit cards or digital wallets.
3. Cloud computing
   • Example: Cloud computing allows businesses to store and access data remotely, improving collaboration and efficiency.
4. Digital entrepreneurship
   • Example: Digital entrepreneurship involves starting and running businesses using digital tools, such as e-commerce platforms and social media marketing.
5. Big data
   • Example: Big data analytics helps businesses understand consumer behavior and make data-driven decisions.

Band 7 Vocabulary

1. Fintech
   • Example: Fintech refers to technology that improves and automates financial services, such as mobile banking and peer-to-peer payments.
2. Blockchain technology
   • Example: Blockchain technology enables secure, transparent transactions without the need for intermediaries like banks.
3. Cryptocurrency
   • Example: Cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security and operates independently of central banks.
4. Digital transformation
   • Example: Digital transformation is the process of using technology to change business operations and customer interactions to stay competitive in the digital age.
5. E-wallet
   • Example: E-wallets allow consumers to store and manage their payment information digitally for easy online transactions.

Band 8 Vocabulary

1. Artificial intelligence (AI) in business
   • Example: Artificial intelligence in business is revolutionizing industries by automating tasks, improving decision-making, and enhancing customer service.
2. Digital disruption
   • Example: Digital disruption refers to how new technologies, such as AI and automation, are transforming traditional industries and business models.
3. Smart contracts
   • Example: Smart contracts are self-executing contracts with the terms of the agreement directly written into code, reducing the need for intermediaries.
4. Data-driven decision making
   • Example: Data-driven decision making relies on analyzing large sets of data to guide business strategies and optimize operations.
5. Cybersecurity
   • Example: Cybersecurity measures are essential for protecting digital information from hacking, data breaches, and other online threats.